Development of the Aztec, Akkadian and Hittite Empires

Chris Scarre ( 2013, p.198 ) suggests that the development of imperiums was driven by the desire for security, or for economic addition or by the mere personal aspiration of swayers and elites. To what extent do you hold with this statement? Answer utilizing grounds from, and doing mention to, at least three of the undermentioned imperiums: the Aztec, the Roman, the Chinese, the Akkadian and the Hittite. The purpose of this paper is to find as to whether I agree or disagree with the above statement. In order to find the extent of agreement/disagreement, a scope of goaded forces will be explored environing the imperiums of the Aztecs, the Akkadians and the Hittites. To get down with, the word imperium will be defined to give a unequivocal apprehension and how it fits into the three aforementioned imperiums. Empire is defined as: ‘a group of states or peoples ruled over by an emperor, empress, or other powerful crowned head or authorities: normally a district of greater extent than a land, as the former British Empire, Gallic Empire, Russian Empire, Byzantine Empire, or Roman ‘ . ( Oxford Companion to Archaeology, 2012 ) Evidence of suggested forces behind the constitution of imperiums and their possible death will be used to back up any agreement/disagreement. The first imperium to be covered is the Aztecs, which existed during the late Post-Classic period, and located in the dumbly populated basin of Mexico. The Aztecs came to command big countries of Mesoamerica North of the Gulf of Tehuantepec and were the last of the Chichimec folk to go forth their place at Aztlan by drouth or overaˆ?population which my have been the driving force to the constitution of the imperium. The desire for wealth seem to hold progressed when the Aztecs served as soldier of fortunes through which a series of confederations and rebellions formed, ensuing in growing of wealth and metropoliss. To farther confirm the rise of an imperium, the Aztecs took control of an country of 200 000 square kilometers with a public of about 10 million. This demonstrates the push for growing in set uping a powerful imperium. Having exp lored the development affecting the growing of the Aztec imperium. The societal complexness every bit good as the handiness of historical grounds of stuff remains are found amongst the ruins stating the narrative as it unfolded at the clip. To confirm archeological grounds I shall concentrate on the capital, Tenochtitlan ( C. AD 1325 ) , which grew to be the largest and most complex metropolis in the new universe. Archaeological grounds suggests that much of Tenochtitlan was destroyed in 1521 or subsequently demolished by the colonial Spaniards. It was non until the terminal of the fourteenth century that several twelve warring metropolis provinces existed, one in peculiar which demonstrates the desire for wealth is that of Mexica-Tenocha having a portion of testimonial from combined military triumphs. Further grounds of the desire for power and aspiration by the swayers during the twelvemonth 1519 whereby the mature Aztec imperium dominated some 400 antecedently independent civil o rders through bullying, confederation, and outright conquest. Such procedures of military, wealth, confederation and land size is for me a requirement to the formation of an imperium. The Aztec imperium at the clip showed no marks of failing, was extremely organised, hierarchal and warlike. With the rise of an imperium came its autumn from grace as the imperium proved delicate and did non last the reaching of aggressive European incomers who efficaciously disrupted the top degree of the societal hierarchy and so broke the coercive forces that held the imperium together. ‘The Aztec Empire came to an disconnected terminal on 13 August 1521, when Hernan Cortes and his Spanishconquistadorstook the Aztec capital and its emperor Montechzuma ( Montezuma ) II ‘ (The Aztec Empire: Guggenheim Museum, 2012 ) .Having explored factors impacting a scope of driving forces, I am certain that Scarre has provided a grade of simplification and has non omitted any factors that do non back up the development of imperiums. Not limited to the Aztecs, the rise of imperiums occurred on a planetary footing which brings us on to the second of the imperiums to be discussed which is the Akkadians. The Akkadians were initiated by the swayer Sargon, who was driven by pitiless aspiration through the conquering of the metropolis of Sumer, developing into an enlargement into the universe beyond. It can besides be argued that the Akkadians were besides driven by economic addition through the connexions with the lands of Dilmun, Magan, and Meluhha. Within this desire for economic addition it can be a plausible and a simplified procedure of economic growing and security for the people. Although the imperium was established, the capital, Akkad, has non been located archaeologically. The statement made by Scarre relies on driving forces and taking into history the Akkadian imperium, the readings made through archeological surveies seem to carry through the procedures required in the development of an imperium. Sargon a nd his replacements besides conquered the great city state of Elba, to obtain goods and natural stuffs. The cardinal site of Troy where a great trade of activity was seen from seven consecutive metropoliss, Troy I to Troy VII clearly demonstrates to lift and autumn of an imperium through natural to warfare. The wealth of Troy was apparent when a monolithic cache of about 9000 objects that have become known as the Treasure of Priam connoting power and wealth but fell merely as the Akkadian imperium did. ‘Archaeological grounds has shown that the Akkadian civilisation collapsed suddenly near 4170 Â ± 150 calendar year B.P. , possibly associating to a displacement to more waterless conditions ‘ ( Cullen, 2000 ) . Although records detailing this are rare, the alterations in regional fruitlessness are preserved in next ocean basins. There is besides grounds of volcanic ash sherds which may hold held a direct but temporal nexus between Mesopotamian aridification and societal prostration. With this sudden displacement to a more waterless status within the part, this may hold besides been a lending factor to the autumn of the Akkadian Empire. Not merely did the imperium prostration from environmental factors but besides by occupying forces from the E. Although I tend to hold with the procedures of imperiums lifting and the drive force behind them, it is more hard to confidently support factors imputing to their ruin. The Akkadian imperium is known to hold risen through conquer ing and economic addition but with two changing factors of natural and semisynthetic forces, we can non presume that warfare or environmental factors played a remarkable portion in the prostration of that imperium. I am non convinced that warfare brought down the Akkadian imperium and am non convinced that environmental factors played a exclusive portion in their death. A cardinal site which besides reinforces the desire for wealth and power. Small is known about the following imperium, the Hittites who were lost to history. What we do know are found on clay tablets (Explore/World Cultures: Hittities British Museum, 2013 ) . It was during the periods from approximately 1650/1600 to 1200 BC that the male monarchs of Hattusha ruled an imperium that reached across the wide lands of Anatolia, widening at times even into the North of Syria. ‘They conquered Babylon, and Troy was seemingly one of their vasals. Besides Egypt and Assyria/Babylonia, the Hittites were the 3rd world power of the Ancient Near East ‘ ( The Excavations at Hattusha, 2011 ) The Hittites as with any other imperium established the capital Hattusa which comprised beginnings of both written and archeological grounds, nevertheless, research into this part is still ongoing. As small is known, one thing nevertheless does come into light which surrounds the aspiration of the male monarch. It was Hattusili I who at the clip became the first male monarch to establish a run in Northern Syria. Such a run implies that the king knew of the importance environing the desire to hold entree to the sea and for the take-over of trade paths. It was through this run that the male monarch was driven strictly by economic addition through trade and power. Due to little other grounds, there is small to indicate to any concrete informations on the degrees of societal complexness either through archeological findings. From what grounds we have, there is no indicant of any complexness of growing giving the feeling of simpleness in the constitution of the imperium. Although the prostration of the Hittites is non really clear, grounds does demo devastation and forsaking which occurred around 1200-1185 BC at the terminal of the bronze age. One other indicant points to about 1200 BC when the imperium was overwhelmed by encroachers, the individuality of whom is unsure but who were likely portion of the general motions of people in the period of agitation in the Mediterranean at the clip. To reason, I can see no disagreement in Scarres statement and to the full support and agree that imperiums were and are still driven by power, economic addition, security and personal aspiration. If we take into history the procedures involved, I do non believe that there are any complexness. Social and proficient ability does nevertheless find the advancement of a civilisation but as with any other imperium, the leading determines its stableness and length of service. The greater the leader, the greater the imperium. Archaeological grounds exists sing imperiums through the Roman and Greek ruins foregrounding the desire for wealth and the push for power through warfare. I can flatly state that I agree with the statement in that imperiums do lift and fall as evidenced with the Roman imperium, the British imperium in India and the three listed above and that all are driven by one manner or another even to this twenty-four hours. ( 1588 words ) Bibliography Asher, N. ( 2012 )The Oxford Companion to Archaeology( 2nd Ed ) Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //dictionary.reference.com/browse/empire? s=t Accessed: 31 January 2014 Cullen H.M. et Al ( 2000 ) A scholarly article on the prostration of the Akkadian imperium from Geology, April 2000, volume 28, no. 4 ; pp.379–382. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //leilan.yale.edu/pubs/files/cullen2000.pdf ( Accessed: 1 January 2014 ) Scarre, J. ( Ed. ) ( 2013 )The Human Past: World Prehistory and the Development of Human Societies3rdEdition London: Thames and Hudson, pp. 454, 455, 456, 457 Scarre, J. ( Ed. ) ( 2013 ) The Human Past: World Prehistory and the Development of Human Societies 3rd Edition London: Thames and Hudson, p. 198 The Guggenheim Museum, Exhibitions-The Aztec Empire-Overview Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //pastexhibitions.guggenheim.org/aztecs/overview.html. ( Accessed 1 January 2014 ) The British Museum, Explore/World Cultures ( 2013 ) [ Hittites ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.britishmuseum.org/explore/cultures.aspx ( Accessed 28 December 2013 )The Excavations at Hattusha – A undertaking of the German ArchaeoIogical Institute ( 2011 ) Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hattuscha.de/English/english1.htm ( Accessed 31 January 2014 )1

A Creative Response to Belonging

Ryan’s Story – Untitled so far You stay in your room like a locked away Rapunzel. Well not locked in fact – matter of the choice rather. It’s like fiery dragons attack you every time you attempt to escape your temple. You study, you work, study again, read some, then you study some more. It’s the same repetitive routine throughout your days between the same four egg-white walls. ‘No common sense! ’ you are told. ‘None what-so-ever’, burns your delicate skin. What are you supposed to do? Visit the Wizard of Oz and ask for a glass brain? Or maybe obsess with Thomas Paine for a week or two? No, only the flame throwers presented at the exit is awaiting your so called ‘enlightenment’ – and even the pain isn’t crossed knuckles with humiliation. You feel trapped but simultaneously free – free from any such connection with the fire you have been accustomed to or rather such societal dictatorship controlling your every thought, presenting a more confused, liberated Rapunzel. You are somewhat connected with surrounding people despite the closed door. An interconnected spider’s web comes to mind, perhaps behind a series of branches and scuffled leaves. Even though you are somewhat acquainted with these people, you can never seem physically ‘connected’ with them. Maybe it’s the closed door? Or maybe it’s the fact that you over-analyse everything until the point where self-disappointment slaps your red hard across the face. All you want is to be alone, far from what these people think, but yet want to be a part of the envious spider’s web large enough for your contribution but possibly not strong enough. You think of a similar case of Emily Dickinson. She wants to post her letter, she wants to publish her poetry but in the end she doesn’t because of fear. Fear of what other people may think if it, ever so lonely in her secluding room. That similar closed door painful to think about, but comforting to realise collectively. What people think of you, it’s a scary thought really. What thoughts scatter around in other’s brains, without your control or prejudice. You look outside your window, rather similar to the day before. A sky filled with cloud secluding the sun’s precious touch. The lime tree half dying, half growing in the midst of an insect infested environment. The green grass connected to the thin line of stalk, reaches higher to the sky then your window does, awkwardly enough. You refrain from such a scene and reach back into one of your books awaiting another life far from here – rather to the City of Invention you are peculiar about. If ever you yourself were to write a novel, short story, poem, script or anything of the sort – it would be one of such power and profit. The antagonist would be a devilish character, somewhat misunderstood in more ways than one Then maybe your dragons could have spot for fame – a Rocky Horror show without the horror†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. wait, maybe with the horror as well. The devilish character’s name would be Thomothius, Thom for short. He would attempt to escape the cannibalistic village he was forced to inhabit. A woman, always admired by Thom would stop him in his tracks and lure him underground. There she would drill question upon answer into Thom’s poor glass brain until Thom were to surface again as a farfetched Steven King character. From this point in time, villagers notice this strange happening and fear for their lives. (Cannibals fearing their lives, who could imagine? ) The King and Queen Dragonheart would encompass their power upon the false notions of their people and hang poor Thom for the villagers to see like the mouldy and grass infested socks pegged to the clothes line in the corner of your window. This of course will create peace and prosperous tranquillity to roam around the various blood-stained streets, never really understanding what evil was present. Not really profitable when rethought about. Here you fall out of this novel and back into the silent pages you hold. Your silent tear will continue to rise like condensation, above all morals and belief that confide in your pride. From this, what is needed to be understood? It is that you will not find your Mr Darcy stuck between the space between your window and your room. It is that you will not have a happy ending unless you face your demons, or in this case dragons. Yet you remain silent in your room, thinking of how this Thom could be the only person you can really connect with.

Pinyin Exercise

Chinese Pronunciation Pronunciation Chinese is not a phonetic language, as a result its pronunciation is not related to the written Chinese words (characters). In order for non-Chinese speakers to learn the correct pronounciation, a system called â€Å"Pinyin† was developed to transcribe the sounds of Standard Chinese. Pinyin uses the letters of the familiar English alphabet to help the student determine the pronounciation of the unfamiliar Chiense words. Most Mandarin sounds are easy for English speakers to pronounce although some require more practice than others.Pinyin is also a useful tool for learning new vocabulary and for looking things up in a dictionary as well as for typing Chinese. Other than this, however, it has no practical usage since Chinese people do not read or write in pinyin. Actually, many Chinese people do not know pinyin at all. Therefore, you should learn to read and write in characters as soon as possible. I. The four tones: Chinese is known as a tonal language. Tones are the results of the variation of pitch levels in the pronunciation of a syllable.Each syllable is composed of three components: (a) Initials; (b) Finals; (c) tones. Except for nasal sound like â€Å"n† and â€Å"m†, all Chinese syllables ends with vowels. So we call them â€Å"Final Sounds†. The consonants at the beginning of a syllable are called â€Å"Initial Sounds†. There are altogether 21 initials as shown in Table 2. Initials only refer to the consonants that appear in the initial position of a syllable. Although it is acceptable to have a syllable without an initial, there must always be a final. A final may have one or more vowel sounds and sometimes a consonant ending like -g and -ng .In fact, other than -g and -ng other consonants can’t appear in a final at all. Altogether, there are thirty seven finals as listed in Table 3. There are 4 tones in Mandarin Chinese as illustrated in Table 1. Each Chinese word (character) carries a tone. Perhaps the most important thing to remember at this stage is the fact that different tones of a certain syllable indicate completely different meanings. The features of the four tones are clearly illustrated in the following diagram: Figure 1: Figure 1: a. The four tonesThe representation of tonal pitch contours as numbers in Figure1 is attributed to Yuen Ren Chao, who devised this scale to cover the tonal aspects of the Chinese language as well as other tonal languages. Unlike the music score, it consists of five arbitrary levels and each is labeled from the bottom upwards, 1 through to 5. As with the music score, the lowest line represents the lowest pitch, and the highest line, the highest pitch. The variance of the pitch could be captured using the reference pitch numbers by observing the starting, middle and end-points of the tone.The numbers were then enclosed in two forward slash marks. For example, /55/ would be a high level tone, whilst /11/ is a low level one. /53/ is a high falling tone, /35/ is a mid rising tone, whilst /31/ is a mid falling tone. /214/ is a tone which starts low, falls and then rises again. Short tones can also be represented as a single number for instance a short mid level is /3/. By using the numbers, Tone one is /55/; Tone two is /35/; Tone Three is /21/4 and Tone Four has the pitch level of /51/. The lines in the above table indicate the pitch contours of the four tones.And the four tones are represented with the following symbols (Table 1): Tones First Second Third Fourth Symbols Examples di di di di Table 1: Symbols of tonal accent If we use the musical notes to illustrate on the five scale, the four tones have the following patterns: Figure 2: b. The Four Tones Tone One: Tone One has the highest pitch level for it starts at five and ends up at five. It is near the top of your comfortable range. As a result, you should be able to sound the first tone syllable continuously without effort. ma: maaaaaa†¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Tone Two: Tone Two starts in the middle of your voice range and rises straight toward the level of the first tone. It is similar to the English tone when you are questioning: What?! ma: ma? Tone Three: Tone Three is the lowest tone of all. It starts low and then rises towards the middle high pitch level and has longer duration. Your pitch level should drop until you feel out of breath and then release it. ma Tone Four: Tone Four begins at the top of your comfortable range and proceeds quickly to the bottom. It is short and sounds as if you are being stern. ma Tonal exercise exercise: 1. Listen to the recording and read alound: a-ma ma-ma ma-ma mi-mi mi-mi mi-mi li-li la-ma fa-fa fa-fa fa-fa ni-ni ni-ni bi-di ni-li la-ma ta-ta ta-ta ta-ta ti-ti ti-ti ti-di li-ni ma-la da-da da-da da-da di-di di-di li-ni ni-li la-ma pa-pa pa-pa pa-pa pi-pi pi-pi ni-mi li-ni pa-ma 2. Listen and indicate the tonal accent for the following syllables: ta ting da ding ni ning mi fa ma ping pu hao tu lao hen dong bo nin ming lin II. The initials: As was introduced earlier, there are 21 initials altogether. Initials are similar to the English consonants. However, they differ in that initials only refer to the consonants that appear in the initial position of a syllable.The 21 initials are listed below according to the positioning of one’s mouth in producing the right sounds in Table 2. Table 2 Table of initials Unaspirated Aspirated Labial Dental Guttural Palatal Retroflex Dental Sibilant b(o) d(e) g(e) j(i) zh(i) z(i) p(o) t(e) k(e) q(i) ch(i) c(i) Nasals m(o) n(e) Fricatives fo l(e) h(e x(i) sh(i) s(i) Voiced Continuants r(i) Please note that the initials can not be pronounced without adding certain finals. Please practice with your teacher in class and listen to the audio sounds after class. The initials listed in Row 1 are called labials because the lips must be used to pronounce them.The sounds in Row 2 are dentals because the teeth are employed to produce these sound s. The initials listed in Row 3 are called ‘gutturals†, which means their pronunciation, is controlled by the muscles in the back of the mouth. Actually, since the initials listed in Rows1-3 are very similar to the English consonants, you can achieve their sound very easily. The â€Å"Palatals† in Row 4 needs more practice. When pronouncing j and q, you must first raise the front of the tongue to the hard palate and press the tip of the tongue against the back of the lower teeth, and then loosen the tongue and let the air squeeze out through the channel thus made.The two sounds only differ in that the q is an aspirated sound. To pronounce x, you should raise the front of the tongue towards (almost touching) the hard palate and then let the air squeeze out. In short, j(i) is like j in jeep. q(i) is like ch in cheap and cheese. x(i) like sh in banshee, between the s in see and the sh in she. Refer to Figure 2 for a better understanding. Figure 2: Palatals The initia ls in Row 5 are â€Å"retroflexes†. To pronounce this sound, the tongue is curled back (retroflexed) until the tip touches the front part of the roof of the mouth.The tongue is only a little farther toward the back of the mouth than when pronouncing the initials r in ‘run’. To pronounce zh, ch, the tip of the tongue begins by touching the roof of the mouth, then quickly moving away. The two sounds differ only in that a strong puff of air accompanies with ch sound. zh is kind of like dg in fudge, and ch is like ch in church, but curl the tongue up toward the zh(i) ch(i) roof of the mouth while pronouncing the â€Å"ch† sound. But when produce the sound of sh, r, the tip of the tongue does not ever touch the roof of the mouth but simply rests in a close-by position as illustrated in Figure 3 below. h sounds like sh in English, but you should curl the tongue up sh(i) toward the roof of the mouth while pronouncing the â€Å"sh† sound. r(i) sounds zhr as in pleasure. Please note that r is the only initial that is voiced. zh-ch Figure 3: Retroflexes shi ri Dental sibilants (buzzing or hissing sounds) are listed in the last row. They are called â€Å"Dental sibilants† because the pronunciation of which involves the tip of the tongue placed behind the top of front teeth. The tongue must be farther towards the front than when pronouncing an English s. z, is not too far from ds in â€Å"reads†. , is near the ts in â€Å"carts† though more air should be blown out. Exercises on Initials: 1. Listen and repeat: b: babi baibei p: pipei f: fafang h: hehao d: dadao t: titan l: linli r: ruran j: jiaji q: qiqi x: xiaxiang zh zh:zhizhong ch ch:chuchu sh sh:shisheng z: zizu c: s: cengci sisuo paipao fanfa heihai dedao tiaoting lunluo rengran jinji qinqing xixin zhaizhu chengche shushi zuzong cancun susong baobi papo fafu hehu didian tantu lailin renren jingjia qingqi xixia zhangzhou chachao shensheng zaizao caice sansi benbo p opi fangfa huihuang daidong tingtang lingli rongru jingjie qingqing xinxi zhazhen chachang shanshui zizun cuncao sisui ubi pianpang fenfu huahui dongdan tongtian lanling runri jiajin qinqing xianxiang zhuzhai chuanchu shangshu zangzu cuicu susuan 2. Listen and pronounce the following syllables. Please pay attention to the unaspirated initials and aspirated initials: b-p: piaobo paiban bianpai banping pingpao paobing pingbi pengbi pibao peibei panbi pianpi d-t: tongdeng ditou z-c: zaici caozuo g-k: gekai gongkai kaiguo konggang keku guku kangu kuaigan guke guoku kaigong kuguan cizu zanci zice canzan caizi zaice zacao cezi cazao zican deti daiti tidu tida dianti diaotou tidan dantian ditu ditang 3.Please pronounce the following retroflexes: zhuchu shizhang shishi zhizhu chushi reshui ruoshi chicheng shichang shusheng shaoshu zhashe rizhao ruizhi chishui changchu chuanchang zhenzhong chushu shiren renzhi chushou zhenzheng shenzhi chishui zhengshi zhiran renzhi zhichi caishui chuangshan g chouchu changcheng shice chuzhong rushi zhiru chuanchang shashi shangren rengran ruchang 4. Please practice the following palatals with the recording: pijing qijian qicai qixian jingqi xiaqi xiqi jijin qixiang chuqu chaijian jiuji jiaqi pingxi jianqi pingjing jiaoqi xingjin xiqin qijia qinqie jiqi qixi jiaxiao xianxiang qinjian inxing xiaojing xiangxin xiaji xingqi qingjin jingji jingxi qinxin qingjing qiangquan xiangjin jianqi jiqiao jiajie qingxing 5. Read aloud and compare: b—f:bafang p—f:pifu d—l:daili t—l:tuliao f—h:fahui r—l:luru zh—z:zhizao zh— ch—c:canchuan ch— sh—s:shisi sh— zh—j:zhijing zh— ch—q:chaqi ch— sh—x:xishou sh— jizhe qiche shanxi fabiao fupin lidai liti huifa rangli zizhu chuci sishi zhijin chaiqian xiaoshi binfen pifa dalian tilian fanhuan rili zhuzu changci shensi jiazhi qincha shixi fangbian fangping lada lantian hefa ranliao zengzhan g checi shanse zhiji changqing xishu bufu pingfan danliang tianliang fanhua liren zhize chicu shisanIII. The finals: : The basic vowels: There are altogether six basic vowels in Chinese as shown in Figure 4. Figure 4 Basic vowels a is a central vowel. To pronounce it, the tongue remains in a natural, relaxed position, as a in father. o is a rounded semi-high back vowel. It sounds like o as in or, like the wa in wall. You should have the lips rounded to pronounce it. e is an unrounded semi-high back vowel. To produce this vowel, first pronounce o, then change the shape of the mouth from rounded to unrounded. At the same time open the mouth wider.This vowel is different from â€Å"e† in English, which is pronounced with the tongue raised slightly forward. It needs special practice. i is an unrounded high front vowel. The tongue is raised higher than it would be to ea. pronounce its counterpart in English as in tea. u is a rounded high back vowel. The tongue is raised higher tha n it would be to pronounce its counterpart in English. It slightly resembles the o as in English oo To pronounce it: (1) The tongue must be pulled toward the back of the mouth while the lips make a very small opening in front. 2) Imagining that you holds as much water as possible without either swallowing it or spilling any of it out of the lips. (3) Try to whistle the lowest note possible, then vocalize instead of actually whistling. u is a rounded high front vowel. It is a combination of i and u. To produce this vowel, (1) first pronounce i, then modify the shape of the mouth from unrounded to rounded; (2) try to whistle the highest note, but vocalize instead of actually whistling. i also represents two additional special vowels: -i one is an alveolar front vowel, it goes with z, c, s; the other is an alveolar ack vowel, it goes with zh, ch, sh, r. The finals: A final may have one or more vowel sounds and sometimes a consonant ending like -g and ng . In fact, other than -g and -ng other consonants can’t appear in a final at all. Putting altogether, there are thirty six finals as listed in Table 3. Table 3: The finals: Row -a -i -u -i i a ia e ie -i ai Ending -o/-u ei ao ou iao iu ui -n an en -ng -r ang eng ong er iang ing iong uang ueng ian in uan un u ua uo uai -u u ue uan un ei sounds like eigh in sleigh and eight. ao reads as ow like the au in sauerkraut. u sounds like oh, as in soul. an has the sound of ahn, between the an in can and the on in con. en sounds like un as in run, as en in chicken. ang sounds like ahng, a as in father and ng as in sing. eng has the sound of ung as in hung and lung. ong ong(ueng) is like the ung in German jung or, u as in put plus ng as in sing. er crosses between ar and er. ia sounds like ee-ah (quickly, as one syllable), like the ya in yacht. ie reads as ee-eh (quickly), like the ye in yet. iao starts with ee in see and end with ow in now. u iu(iou) sounds like yo as in you or eo as in Leo, close to u in union. ian r eads as ee-en (quickly)( an after i sounds between man and men in English) in in(ien) sounds like een as in seen, like the ine in machine. iang sounds like ee-ahng (quickly) . ing ing(ieng) is similar to ing as in ring. iong goes like ee-ong (quickly), almost like German jung. ua sounds like wa as in wash and the wa in wander. uo sounds like the wo as in wore and the wa in waltz. uai sounds like why or like the wi in wide. ui( ui(uei) goes like way, between we and weigh. uan is similar to wahn, as in wander . n un(uen) is similar to when or the wen in Owen. uang sounds like wahng. ueng starts with u as in put then quickly goes to eng. ue goes like the German umlaut u in uber plus e in ie. uan starts with u and then wan as in wander. un starts with u and then goes on to en quickly. Please note that the vowel quality of some finals varies with different tones. For example, the final iu (you) with the first and the third tone will sound different. Therefore, our focus should be on the accuracy of the tones instead of on the distinctions. Exercises on Finals: 1.Please read the following syllables aloud: o: pomo bopo fotuo e: u: u: er er: ei ei: ao ao: lehe bufu yuju erjiu feiche paomao keke pubu xuqu erhu xuefei gaozhao ou ’zhou nuoruo tongxue zhuisui tanpan renzhen qinxin hundun tese zhuchu quju erxi beihou baodao dou ’ou guocuo hulue huigui ganhan genben pinyin kunlun moluo hege tushu quyu ji ’er leihen laobao shougou tuoluo yuanyue cuihui canzan menzhen xinxin shuncong mopo ji ’e fuwu yunu ersai weisuo baochao goushou cuoluo yuenan hesui shanshi shenchen xinyin zungui ou ou: shouhou uo uo: zuocuo ue: ui ui: xuexiao huicui n an: canlan en en: in in: zhenren binlin un un: chunsun 2. Contrasts: ou—(u)o ou—(u)o:doushuo u—u —u: ei—ui ei—ui: lushu duilei gouduo luxu cuifei shoucuo juzu beiwei tuolou lutu leitui rouguo quchu leizhui ao—ou ao— ou: baochou an—ang an—ang:dan gran en—eng en— eng:zhenzheng in—ing xinxing in—ing: ong—-iong ong—-iong:longxiong uan—un:yuanjuan an— uan—un: luanlun uan— ie— ue: ie— u—iu u—iu iu: jieyue jiuju laorou nanfang zhencheng xinqing yonggong qunxuan chuannuan xuejie qujiu chanshen jiaohao chaoshou bangwan chengren jinling qionglong yuanjun tuandun quexie luxiu shancen qiaogao houtao hangang zhengshen pinqing xiongyong xuanyun shunshuan xieyue jiuqu zhenchan liaokao roudao kangzhan lengshen yingxin jiongpo quanjun chunguan juelie xuliu nanfen daoqiao en—an en— an: sanzhen ao—iao ao— iao:xiaoyao III. Pinyin Romanization-spelling rules: rules: Pinyin Romanization has been the official romanization system in the People's Republic of China since 1958. Some of the finals (in boldface) listed in Table 3 are spelled differently as shown below in Table 4. Row -a -i -u -u -i a e -i ai Ending -o/-u ei ao o u yao you -n an en -ng -r ang eng ong er yang ying yong wang weng i ya ye wu wa wo yu yue wai wei yan yin wan wen yuan yun Table 4: Finals in Pinyin Romanization The spelling rules are summarized as below: Tone marks: We know that the four tones are indicated by the diacritical marks: -, /, /, that appear above the vowels of spelled syllables. There are rules to follow about where to put the diacritical marks. First, if there is a single vowel in the syllable, put it over the vowel. Second, if there is more than one vowel, put it over the vowel in this order: a, o, e, i, or u. When two vowels i and u are together, you put it over the last vowel.Third, if the diacritical mark is over an i, omit the dot. xin –new (adj. ) re –hot (s. v. ) ren – person (n. ) dui – correct (adj. ) leng – cold (s. v. ) liu – to stay (v) Spelling rules: u 1. When the uo final combines with the labial initials b, p, m, f, the â€Å"u† drops out. bo – wave (n. ) po – broken or worn out (adj. ) mo – to rub (v. ) fo – Buddha (n. ) u But the â€Å"u† stays when any other initial is used. duo – much or many (adj. ) cuo -wrong (adj. ) 2. When the u final combines with the palatal initials j, q, or x, the umlaut drops out. This is u because only the u final can go with j, q, or x, but not the u final.Therefore, any time a â€Å"u† comes after j, q, or x, one knows it has to be the u final even though the umlaut is not there. ju (ju) – office or bureau (n. ) qu (qu) – to go (v. ) xu (xu) – to permit (v. ) The only other initials that u combines with are l and n. In these cases, the umlaut stays: nu – female (adj. ) lu – green(adj. ) i i y 3. When the finals beginning with â€Å"i† occur without an initial, the â€Å"i† changes to â€Å"y†. ie > ye – also (adv. ) iao > yao – want (v. ) The three finals i, in and ing are excepti ons to rule three, in which case a â€Å"y† is in, i added while the â€Å"i† remains: i> yi one (num. in > yin to print (v. ) ing > ying hard (s. v. ) i y When the final iu (iou) goes without an initial, the â€Å"i† changes to a â€Å"y† by rule four o and an â€Å"o† is added: iu > you to have (v. ) u u w 4. When the finals beginning with â€Å"u† occur without an initial, the â€Å"u† changes to â€Å"w†. uo > wo – I or me uan >wan – bowl w The u final is an exception to rule five. When it occurs without an initial, the ‘w’ is added: u>wu five (number) u When the ui (uei) and un (uen) finals occur without an initial, the â€Å"u† changes to a w e â€Å"w† by rule five and an â€Å"e† is added: ui > wei – stomach (n. un >wen – to ask (v. ) 5. When the finals beginning with u occur without an initial, the umlaut drops out and a y â€Å"y is added in front. u> yu f ish (n. ) uan > yuan distant (adj. ) 6. If the noun is a place name, then capitalize the first letter. If it is a Chinese name, capitalize the first letter of the surname and given name. beijing> Beijing (Peking) wang xiaoxiao> Wang Xiaoxiao niuyuu> Niuyue (New York) zhang zhong > Zhang Zhong (a name) Spelling exercises: 1. Please correct the spellings for the following syllables: uan> uan> diu> buo> ian> wun > zo> ie> uen> wuei > iu> jan> qong> chuen> wui> yuan > 2. Spell the dictated syllables and add the diacritical marks. ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ IV. Tone sandhi Tone sandhi refers to the sound change in tones when different sounds come together. Sandhi in Sankrit means â€Å"putting together†. Third tone Sandhi: In Mandarin Chinese, the most common tone sandhi rule is that the leading syllable in a set of two third-tone syllables is raised to the second t one. For example, nihao ( , the most common Mandarin greeting, is pronounced nihao. If there are more than two third tones, the same rule applies although other rules may apply. Exercise: Please read the following syllables. hen hao mai jiu shuijiao qi zao caozi yunxu chao mi mijiu jiugui suoyi zao zou liaojie yufa Lao Li yuanzu xiang zou yaogou xizao shuiguo ni hao laohu da gu bie zou xiao jiao Half third tone: If a third tone is followed by the first, second or the fourth tone, the third tone will only keep the falling pitch and remains there instead of rising. Since it is half realized, it is called a half third tone.Actually, a full third tone is only possible when it is phrase final or when it is by itself. The following figure (Figure 5) will indicate the change. Figure 5: Half third tone Exercises Please read the following syllables. Exercises: Niuyue (New York) Beijing (Beijing) laoshi (teacher) caihong (rainbow) wo lai (I will do it. ) wangqiu (tennis) zoulu (to walk) keshi (but ) qing wen (May I ask? ) Faguo nuhai ni shuo (France) (girl) (You speak) Meiguo (America) haokan (good-looking) falu (law) qing zuo (Please sit. ) qing shuo (Please speak. ) hao shu (good book) daqiu (to play a game) ni kan (You look. luyou (to travel) Fourth-tone Sandhi: When a fourth tone is followed by another fourth tone, the first one becomes a variant of the regular fourth tone as illustrated below in Figure 6. Figure 6: Fourth Tone Sandhi As indicated in Figure 6, the modified fourth tone starts as a regular fourth tone does. But its pitch level only drops to Scale 3, half as far as a full fourth. Exercise: Please read the following syllables. duihua (dialogue) guixing (honorable surname) Yidali (Italy) zaijian (goodbye) dianshi (T. V. ) sushe (dormitory) shuijiao (to sleep) shang ke (to go to class) zhaogu (to take care of) ieshao (to introduce) kanbao (to read newspaper) jiaoshi (classroom) Tone Sandhi for yi and bu: Yi (one; once) and bu (no, not) will also undergo t one sandhi under certain conditions. Preceding a syllable with the first, second or third tone, yi becomes yi. Bu keeps the fourth tone without any change. yiqi (together) bu hao (not good) yi jia (a family) butong (not same) yinian (one year) buting (not listen) When preceding a syllable with a fourth tone, both yi and bu become a second tone. yigong (altogether) buhui (can not) yixia (a little bit) buguo (but) yiyang (same) bukan (not to look)When yi and bu are phrase final or used alone, they keep their original tones: yi and bu. Please note that the tone of yi and bu will change only when they mean yi (one; once) bu (no; not). Exercise: Please read the following syllables syllables. yitian (a day) bu leng (not cold) yiding (definitely) yihuir (a moment) bu zhidao (I don’t know. ) yizu (a group) bu zao (not early) yi. ge (one + measure word) bu re (not hot) bu dui (not correct) buqu (not to go) di yi (the first) bu shi (not to be) bu mai (not to sell) bu xing (not okay) bu tai hao(not that good) buda (not big) u lai (not to come) Neutral tone tone: In actual speech, all unstressed syllables are pronounced with a â€Å"neutral tone†, which is sometimes considered as a lack of tone. In most varieties of Mandarin, the second syllable in two-syllable compounds is weaker in tonal prominence than the first one. A neutralized tone takes very little time to pronounce and does not hold or stick to its original tone. When actually pronouncing a neutral tone, one should not consider how a neutral tone sounds but focus on the tonal feature of the syllable that goes before it.Generally speaking, the pitch level of a neutral tone differs when following different tones as indicated in Figure 7. Figure7: Pitch level of neutral tones From Figure 6, we know that when following the first tone, the pitch level of a neutralized syllable is around the middle low pitch, i. e. at Scale 2. When it is after a second tone, the pitch level settles around middle pitch, i. e. Scale 3. When it goes after a third tone (half third tone actually), the pitch level is around middle high pitch, i. e. Scale 4. Its pitch level is the lowest, when a neutral tone is right after the fourth tone, i. . Scale 1. Whether a syllable is neutralized or not, one can’t tell from the Pinyin. In this book, we will either put a dot before a neutralized syllable or simply indicate it without a tone mark. Exercises: Please read the following syllables. xue. sheng (student) xi. huan (to like) di. fang (place) he. qi (gentle) tian. qi (weather) shu. fu (comfortable) ren. shi (to know sb. ) ta. men (they/them) women (we/ us) peng. you (friend) shen. me (what) jue. de ming. zi ge. ge fu. qin ma. ma ye. ye sun. zi (to feel) (name) (elder brother) (father) (mom) (grandfather) (grandson) yin. ei (because) di. di (younger brother) xie. xie (Thank you. ) jie. jie (elder sister) cong. ming (smart) er. zi (son) mu. qin (mother) ba. ba (dad) nai. nai (grandmother) ming. bai (clear ) xing. fu (happy) shi. qing (things) ke. yi (may) suoyi (therefore) ai. hao (hobby) gezi (height) dui. fu (to deal with) gongfu (Konfu) shuo. chu. lai (to speak out) er. duo (ear) guaibude (no wonder) kan. qi. lai (it seems that) xi. huan. shang(to begin to like) shuo. bude (can’t be blamed) The fickle ‘r’ sound: sound: Northerners, especially Beijingese tend to add the fickle ‘r’ to a word. uar (flower) menr(door) baimianr (drug, cocain) nar (where) qiur (ball) dianyingr (movie) dahuor (everybody) xiangweir (fragnant) hua huar (to draw) ge menr (buddy) miantiao (noodles) yucir (fish bone) yi kuair (together) xiao niaor (little bird) xiaohair ( little kid) yi dianr ( a bit) liaotianr (to chat) fan guanr (restaurant) mei zhunr (not sure) mei shir (nothing) xiao huar (joke) changger (to sing) guai wanr ( to make a turn) More Pinyin exercises: 1. Please read the following syllables: tongxue (classmate) waiguo (foreign country) xiao. iao (a Chinese name ) Shanghai (Shanghai) Jiazhou (California) gaoxing (happy) Zhongguo (China) Meiguo (America) peng. you (friend) liuxuesheng (international student) Yingguo (Britain) Lundun (London) xi. huan (to like) zhi. dao (to know) 2. Please read the following sentences: Jintian tian. qi hen hao. (The weather is good today. ) Bu leng bu re. (It is neither cold nor hot. ) Xin tongxue dou hen gao. xing. (New students are very happy. ) Robert shi Meiguo xue. sheng (Robert is an American student. ) Robert , ta you hen duo tongxue. you Meiguo tongxue, ye you waiguo tongxue (He has many classmates. (There are American students. ) (and there are also foreign students. ) , , Ta you yi ge Zhongguo pengyou, (He has a Chinese friend,) xing Wang jiao Wang Xiaoxiao. (whose surname is Wang and is called Xiaoxiao. ) Zhang Yizhong ye. shi Robert de xin peng. you. Robert (Zhang Yizhong is also Robert’s new friend. ) Ta bu . shi Meiguo xue. sheng. (He is not an American student. ) Ta shi Zhong guo liuxuesheng. (He is an international student from China. ) Wang Xiaoxiao shi Beijingren. (Wang Xiaoxiao is from Beijing. Zhang Yizhong bu. shi Beijingren, shi Shanghairen. , (ZhangYizhong is not from Beijing. He is from Shanghai. ) Robert hai you yi. ge Yingguo tongxue jiao Alex. Robert ,? Alex. (Robert also has a classmate from Britain, whose name is Alex. ) Ta ye shi liuxuesheng. (He is also an international student. ) Robert gen Alex dou hen xi. huan Zhongguo. (They both like China. ) Robertand Alex ye dou hen xi. huan Zhongwen. (Also they both like Chinese. ) Ni. shi Meiguo shenme di. fang ren? (Where are you from in the U. S.? ) ren. hi nimen hen gao. xing. (It is my pleasure to know you. ) 3. Please read the following poems: Jing ye si (Li Bai) Chuang qian ming yue guang, Yi shi di shang shuang. ju tou wang ming yue, di tou si gu xiang. (In the quiet night So bright a gleam on the foot of my bed – Could there have been a frost already? Lifting myself to look, I found that it was moonlight. Sinking back again, I thought suddenly of home. ) Chun xiao (Meng Haoran) Chun mian bu jue xiao, Chu chu wen ti niao. Ye lai feng yu sheng, hua luo zhi duo shao. A Spring morning Awake light-hearted this morning of spring, Everywhere round me the singing of birds – But now I remember the night, the storm, And I wonder how many blossoms were broken. Yong e (Luo Bin Wang) e e e, Qu xiang xiang tian ge, Baimao fu lu shui, Hong zhang bo qing bo. (Twisting its neck, , , , the goose is singing to the sky. With its white feather on the green water, the red palms are striking on the clear water. ) Hui xiang ou shu (He Zhizhang) Shao xiao li jia lao da gui, Xiang yin wei gai bin mao cui. er tong xiang jian bu xiang shi, Xiao wen ke cong he chu lai. (Coming home I left home young. I return old; Speaking as then, but with hair grown thin; And the children, meeting me, do not know me. They smile and say: â€Å"Stranger, where do you come from? â€Å") 4. Tongue twisters: Si shi si. Shi shi shi. Shi si shi shi si. Si shi shi si shi. Si shi si shi si shi si. Four is four. Ten is ten. Fourteen is fourteen. Forty is forty. Forty four is forty four. Che shang you ge pen, Pen li you ge ping, ping ping ping, pang pang pang, bu zhi shi pen peng ping hai shi ping peng pen. , , , , , There is a basin in the car, and a bottle in the basin. Bin bin bin, bang bang bang, Not knowing which is hitting which. Shu. shang you zhi xiao taozi, Shu xia you zhi xiao houzi. Feng chui tao shu hua hua xiang, Shu. shang diao xia xiao taozi. Taozi da zhao xiao houzi, Houzi chi diao xiao taozi. (There is a peach on the tree, There is a monkey under the tree. The wind blows and the tree talks, With the wind, the peach falls, Right onto the monkey. And the monkey eats the peach. ) , , ,

Law and Ethics of At-Will Employment Research Paper

Law and Ethics of At-Will Employment - Research Paper Example We will deep-dive into the law and evaluate the ethical implications of the law. Introduction to the law The at-will-employment law in USA states that the contract of employment between an employer and employee can be terminated by either of the two parties at any point of time for any specific reason. This implies that the employee can resign from the job without any contractual obligations to the employer and the employer can separate the employee without any obligations post the separation. Because of the nature of the contract, its duration is a moment and it is renewed from every moment to moment. History The law of at-will-employment finds its beginning in the late nineteenth century. Untill that time, most of the workers in US were employed in the agricultural sector and were appointed for particular harvesting season. During that time, the workers were subjected to work for a particular master for the entire season. Workers who leave their jobs before the end of the term will have to forgo their wages for the period that they worked. Although there was no specified term for the duration of contract, the same will be implied by the courts. This was termed as the entire-contract doctrine. The entire-contract doctrine led to high income insecurity amongst the unskilled workers. With the advancement of technology and growth of production in masses and manufacturing plants, majority of the workers shifted from agricultural sector to the industrial sector. Workers in this sector were hired for the indefinite period and therefore not subjected to the entire-contract doctrine. From 1880s, some of the courts started to view the employment contract as a contract that can be terminated by any of the party at any given point of time and any reason. This evolved as the at-will-employment law and became prominent in many states. Trends in At-will-employment doctrine The at-will-employment doctrine was favorable for the laborers as it removed the monetary insecurity a rising out of the entire-contract term. It meant that the workers were paid for the time they worked even if they quit or were separated. Because of the advantage to the workers and new theories in the field of human resource management, organization started to reorganize their workforce into ‘internal labor markets’ (Doeringer & Piore, 1971). According to this arrangement, the workforce was organized in the form of hierarchical levels where significant experience and training at a particular level provided the way for the level up. Organizations started to design policies centered on the employees so that they stay with the firm for a long duration. Employees were given advantages of fixed promotion cycles along with increasing pay. During the large part of twentieth century, at-will-employment along with the concept of ‘internal labor markets’ was the norm. Workers were further benefited from the presence of unions that were responsible for negotiation of contracts and contract terms. Beginning in the 1970s, many state courts started to impose restrictions on the employers regarding their right to lay-off employees. The courts started to impose tort liabilities on firms that were proved of making unjustified dismissals. Besides this, courts also started to incorporate tenets of good faith and fairness as a part of the employment co

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Fast Food - Essay Example hlosser in his book ‘Fast Food Nation’ states that Americans are spending more on fast food than they spend on other things such as higher education, purchasing personal cars, or personal computers (3). The whole business of selling fast food is now becoming so routine and thoroughly unexceptional. Those who operate these businesses in America are now taking it for granted just like stopping in traffic for red light or brushing your teeth. This business is becoming a social custom in American as a rectangular, small, frozen, handheld, and re-heated apple pie. The book of Eric Schlosser ‘Fast Food Nation’ is about the growth of fast food industry in America, the values the business embodies, and the way it has changed the world. Fast food business in American proves to be a radical force in the nation’s life. Eric Schlosser argues that the complex interplay of economic, social, as well as technological forces determines what people eat (3). Citizen farmers and slave used to feed in the early Roman Republic. Currently, more than a quarter of the American adults visit the fast food restaurants. Eric Schlosser further states that the business of fast food has not only changed American diet, but also the country’s landscape, workforce, economy, and people’s culture. The consequences of fast food business are currently inescapable even if you eat them twice a day, have not taken them, or try to avoid them (4). The fundamental societal changes in Americans play a vital role of driving the extraordinary spread and growth of the business of fast food. United States worker was high in the year 1973 and declined steadily in the following twenty-five years (4). During this time, the number of women who entered the workforce increased motivated by the perspective of feminist. In the 1975, only a third of the women with young kids worked outside their homes. Currently, more than two-thirds of mothers with young kids are under employment. Sociologists Carmen

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Xipe Totec from Aztec culture - Research Paper Example Holistic religion remains the base for the Aztec culture. The Aztec worshiped a collection of gods each of which had a beneficial side and also a detrimental side to the community. The Aztec rulers were seen as intermediaries between the people and the gods. They were held with such high regard that upon their death they would be buried in magnificent tombs which were filled with offerings and gifts. The Aztec belief of life after death is one that is rather captivating. It was believed that after death the people were taken to the underworld which was characterized by sinister objects and sinister gods. It was characterized by the jaguar which was believed to be the god of the night. There are certain elements of the religion, which will be examined further for the purpose of getting more understanding. The Xipe Totec is in focus here. This is one of the many deities, which existed, in the religious life of the Aztec people. This particular deity was in relation to the aspects of li fe and death. The Aztec people believed that it was this particular deity that was responsible for giving the people of the community and the general humanity food. It is also of the essence to note that there are quite a number of things, which this particular deity is credited. An example in this case is that it was this deity that was the inventor of wars that existed in the world. It is also to be noted that the Aztec placed a lot of belief in some of the things that surrounded the religion of the community. ... An example in this case is that it was this deity that was the inventor of wars that existed in the world. It is also to be noted that the Aztec placed a lot of belief in some of the things that surrounded the religion of the community. An example in this case is to do with the skin, which covered the Xipe Totec. In this case, it is put that the skin was perceived to have some curative properties. For example, if a sick person touched it, he or she was believed to be cured in the process. There are also a lot of things which the people in the community could undertake for the purpose of appeasing this deity. An example here is in relation to human sacrifice, which was something that was rather prevalent in the community. One of the ways through the aspect of human sacrifice was realized in the community was through the arrow sacrifice. What happened here is that the person who was going to be sacrificed was shot with many arrows while his body was placed near the deity. This was so t hat his or her blood could spill on the ground near the Xipe Totec. The Aztec offered blood to the gods but not necessarily through death. What they did however, is engage in activities that brought pain to the body for example piercing themselves with sharp objects or mutilating their bodies. At important ceremonies the sacrificed victim’s heart was burned in order to nourish the gods. This was majorly through human sacrifice. Human sacrifice was considered important as it encourages fertility and demonstrated piety. The Aztec offered blood to the gods but not necessarily through death. What they did however, is engage in activities that brought pain to the body for example piercing themselves with sharp objects

Should we impose tougher laws to combat the inequality within our law Research Paper

Should we impose tougher laws to combat the inequality within our law enforcement agencies - Research Paper Example In the discussion it is revealed that the implementation of tough laws have made it even harder to reduce inequalities. The issue cannot be overcome by implementation of a single law and recommendations are made on how the discrepancies can be corrected. Introduction Inequalities in the American justice system continue to be rampant. This has mostly been displayed in dealing with the drug problem. It has been observed that when it comes to drug related crimes, the law treats races differently. There was a survey that was conducted in 1991 that reveals that the prison population mostly consists of poorly educated, young and poor people who were mostly from the minority ethnic groups. It also showed that there only 4% of the whole jail population was female despite the two genders being equally represented in the normal population. It also found that 40% of the population of the male was between the ages of 18-25 despite them being only 16% in the general population. 40% of the males u nder age of 25 were reported to have dropped out of school before the age of 16 and in the general population this group consists of 16% only (Garland, D. (2001: 120). For instance, only 14% of the African Americans use drugs but 38% of people convicted of breaking the drug laws are African American. Moreover, people who break drug laws of equal magnitude are given different sentences. Person who is convicted of being in possession of powder cocaine get a sentence that is 100 times lesser than those convicted of powder cocaine. These inequalities in the justice problem have been slowing down the efforts to overcome ethnic inequalities among other inequalities found in the society. It is not possible to completely eradicate racism in the population if the justice system which is supposed to safeguards the rights of all people regardless of their color, age or gender continues to practice these inequalities (Tonry, 2008: 238). This paper discusses whether having tougher laws would be successful in dealing with the existing inequalities. Literature review Different surveys have shown that the criminal justice system in American has continued to be structurally discriminative against the poor, minority and poorly educated persons. The Home office national survey conducted in 1991 show that the prison population is very different from the normal population. Another survey has also shown an overrepresentation of people with drug problems and mental disorders. This research showed that 38% of the prison population had a problem related to drug dependency while 25% were reported to have a mental problem. It is good to understand whether these discrepancies are as a result of there being inequalities in operations of the criminal system or that it originates from somewhere else. This can be done by conducting self reporting studies. In one recent survey conducted by the home security on youth and crime reveals that there was a widespread criminal activity among the you ng people. A self-reporting survey was conducted to investigate into this issue and it was found that the gender difference in offense was very small and did not reflect the conviction rates. It is thus evident that more young males got convicted for crimes while the females were not hunted down by the law despite the fact that they also committed the same

Periodic and families relationship of typical element Lab Report

Periodic and families relationship of typical element - Lab Report Example The report focus on demonstrating that most element within the same family or group exhibit similarity in their chemical reactions. Across the period, however, they show very different chemical behavior. These similarities and differences helps in grouping, and classifying the elements on the periodic table . (GreenWood) Materials involved in the experiment are standard laboratory equipment, samples of Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg), Aluminum (Al), Carbon(C), Sulfur(S), and water (H2O). Each element is then burnt in oxygen, and later further adding water and acid test their resulting oxides. The data and observations are as follows If a little quantity sodium is burnt in air, it often burns with an orange glow. A larger quantity of sodium burns with a strong orange flame in oxygen. The result is usually a white solid mixture of sodium oxide and in some instances, sodium peroxide is produced. (van Spronsen) Sodium and Cesium are metals from group 1 elements on the periodic table. Cesium is more reactive than Sodium. These elements burn in oxygen to produce metal dioxides. Potassium is also an element in this group. Magnesium belongs to group 2 in the periodic table; it is reacted with Oxygen to form Magnesium Oxide. The chemical properties of elements in this group are marked by the high reducing power of these metals. It is worth to note that these elements are more electropositive down the Group. Metals of this group react vigorously with oxygen. (Mazurs) Group 1 and group 2 elements are metallic by nature; they burn in Oxygen to produce Metal Oxide. When these metals are put in water, they form basic substances. Aluminum is also classified as a metal, although and it belongs to group 3 called transitional metals in the periodic table. Aluminum Oxide though form amphoteric substance since it reacts as both the basic and acid. In the reactivity series, Aluminum metal is less reactive with Oxygen compared to both Sodium and Magnesium. As with all

Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health - Essay Example Addressing health impairment factors with substance abusers is called â€Å"Fear appeals†, the individual can be taught about the hazards involved in abusing drugs and explaining the entire bodily, mechanism that is hampered as a result of the drugs. In order to convey the message of the fear appeal, the substance abuser must be sober at that time and one another factor that would be more effective in dealing with the problem is not inducing excessive amount of fear in the client. If the fear appeal induces excessive fear the client is likely to suppress these unpleasant feelings as quickly as possible and though, for a short period of time he may quit substance abuse but the behavior may relapse once the fear subsides. Therefore, clinicians must exercise caution. 2. Would it make a difference how old the substance abuser is? Age is an extremely significant factor in determining the effects of addressing the health impairment factor. For instance, if the substance abuser is yo ung there is a high possibility that the individual began abusing drugs only recently.

Politics in China Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Politics in China - Research Paper Example China’s Constitution had an article regarding the freedom of the press but due to the shortcomings in the structural system it was hardly implemented. The other parties of China were hardly allowed to voice their opinion. The only way to end this autocracy was the establishment of democracy (Han & Han, 1990, p.34). In the light of the above scenario this paper seeks to examine the Tiananmen Square protests and the government’s response. Further our aim would be to examine the reason for the survival of the Communist Party when its counterparts in Eastern Europe and Soviet Union were dismantling. In what ways were the 1989 protests in Tiananmen Square, and the Party/State’s response, a critical juncture? The output of China following the socialistic pattern of society was commendable but soon it had suffered the same fate as faced by many â€Å"mature socialistic† economies. Reduction in economic growth and consumption pattern resulted in a series of reform s since late 1978 which was a deviation from the traditional socialistic pattern. The crux of the new economic policy was based on private ownership, free play of market forces for allocation and determination of market prices (Harding, 1987, p.99-100). In the month of June 1989, many students had gathered peacefully to protest against the reforms which had taken place and they also wanted to voice their opinion for a more responsible government which safeguarded democracy. They also wanted to protest against the corruption that was there within the government. The essence of the protest was not to follow a democracy style like the US instead they wanted wealth and prosperity of the nation like their western counterparts. They had no intentions of overthrowing the PRC (Lusted, 2010, pp. 1-12). The response of the PRC to the peaceful protests was not only repressive in nature but there was an absolute violation of human rights (Brown, 2002, p. 94). The government had warned the prote sters of drastic actions to control the â€Å"social chaos†. True to their words army action was taken against the protesters and they were shot dead (1989: Massacre in Tiananmen Square, 1989). The Tiananmen Square massacre was etched in history not only for its harsh outcome but also for the fact that it had occurred at such a point of time when communism in two of its strongest base was losing its hold. The protest of 1989 was the first of its kind after 1949 and it was for the sake of reforms. The protests of the people showed their dissatisfaction with the existing government. Though the incident had occurred at this critical juncture, the response of the government was very stern. They used every possible measure to crush the uprising. Why did the Communist Party in China not fall in 1989 unlike the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe? The disintegration of communism started in Poland in mid 1989 and eventually it had spread to other East European countries. Finally, it ceas ed to exist in its place of origin, that is, Soviet Union by the end of 1991. The displacement of communism in Soviet Union did not have much bloodshed. However it is considered as one of the most important political event of the twentieth century (Zuzowski, 1998, p. 1). The poor performance of the Russian economy had prompted their leader Mikhail Gorbachev to initiate a series of reforms in different phases. Though his reforms were meant to bring about economic improvement but it

Aspirin Preparation Case Essay Example for Free

Aspirin Preparation Case Essay * How drugs are discovered and developed Pharmacologist along with chemist focus on a specific disease and unmet patient needs in order to discover new drugs. They search for biological targets within the body that play a role in a given disease. Unique molecules are found or created that some day might be medicines. Lead Compound Selection, is the testing of compounds that might undergo the long expensive drug develop process. Random Screening- uses existing library of chemical agents. This is the simplest method but the odds are low and patience is needed. Combinational Chemistry Screening- uses a compound (from existing library) as a base, then randomly adding amino acids or molecule segments of other agents to the base compound in order to enhance the base compounds activity and disease fighting potential. The enhanced compounds are then tested in rapid screening test. However this method is complex and costly but it improves the odds. Target Synthesis- targets the disease for drug intervention. For example High Blood Pressure would be studied in detail. Consequently this method still requires screening of hundreds of compounds and extensive amount of research to understand a particular disease process. Drug Modeling- uses more high technology. This method manipulates chemical structures by computers so that they can attach to, activate or deactivate proteins that interfere with or maintain the bodys normal functioning. The model is used to enhance the properties of the other methods but the cost for designer compounds are significant because of the huge amount of research that is needed to identify biochemical target and establish their molecular structure. * How safety of drugs is checked before being used on the public A drug undergoes 3 clinical phases before being used on the public. PHASE 1 This is designed to determine the safety of the new drug, how best to administer it and the correct dosage- (one that will minimize desirable side effects). 20-30 patients (volunteers) are used to find out how the drug behaves in their body, so their blood and urine will be frequently monitored. Even though drugs in this will have been already tested in a laboratory. PHASE 2 After the correct dosage has been determined in phase1 clinical trial, it can enter phase2. This trial consists of determining the drugs effectiveness in treating a specific disease. Phase2 involves more patients (volunteers) and they are tested for the number of platelets in their blood and take frequent blood samples. If the drug being tested brings a positive change in at least 1/5 of the patients then it can be tested in phase3. However if the drug shows very positive effects in-patients, the Food and Drug Administration also have the option of approving the drug for general use at this point. PHASE 3 This trial involves hundreds of patients and is divided into two groups. The control group receives a standard treatment (placebo) and the treatment groups are given the new drug. Results are then compared from the two groups. Blinded studies are used to prevent biased study results. If the new successfully passes a phase3 trial the FDA will approve the drug for marketing to the general public. Purification -The acetylsalicylic acid is washed with distilled water until all the acetic acid is removed. -It is pressed to be as dry as possible and then dried more by a current of warm air at 60-70 degrees Celsius. The yield of pure acetylsalicylic acid is between 1780-1795kg per batch using this reaction process. * History of Aspirin and its modern development * How aspirin is prepared on the large scale Main reactor for the process- a glass lined 1500 gallon fitted with a water-cooled reflux condenser, thermometers with automatic temperature register and an efficient agitator. The Mother Liquor- 1532kg of acetic anhydride in 1200kg of toluene (this does not get used up.). The reactor is charged up with the mother liquor. 1382kg of salicylic acid is added to the mother liquor. The reaction mixture is heated to between 85-92 degrees Celsius and kept at this temperature for 20 hours. The reaction mixture is transferred into an aluminum-cooling tank and is allowed to cool for 3-4 days. By the end the cool mixture will have reached room temperature 15-25 degrees Celsius. At this point the acetylsalicylic acid has precipitated as large regular crystals. Mother liquor is removed by filtration or centrifuging. Filtrate solution- 180-270kg of UN-precipitated acetyl acid, 510kg of acetic anhydride, 600kg of acetic acid and 1200kg of toluene. The acetic acid is obtained as a by-product of the acetylation step of the process. An well-agitated reactor using a diffusion plate will introduce Ketene gas, to be passed through the recycled filtrate at a temperature between 15-25 degrees Celsius. When a weight increase of 420.5kg of the Ketene gas is observed, the mother liquor contains 180-270kg of UN-precipitated acetyl acid and 1532kg of acetic anhydride in 1200kg of toluene. The Mother liquor is recycled and 1382kg of Salicylic acid is added to continue the reaction cycle BC- the first and most influential physician wrote about the bitter powder extracted from the willow bark that could ease aches and pains and reduce fever. 1700- The scientist Reverend Edmund Stone found out that the part of the willow tree bark that was bitter and good for fever and pain is a chemical known as Salicin. This converts into another chemical called Salicylic acid when eaten. 1829- A pharmacist known as Leroux showed that Salicin is the active willow ingredient and for the first time an Italian chemist Piria used Salicylic acid to treat pain and swelling in diseases such as Arthritis and to treat fever in illnesses like Influenza. The problem was that these chemicals was causing the users upset stomachs. Some people had bleeding in their digestive tracts from high doses needed to control swelling and pain. It was thought that the reason of stomach upsets were because of the acid in the chemical, therefore the compound Salicylic acid went through a couple of chemical reactions that covered up one of the acidic parts with an ACETYL group, converting it to ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID (ASA). It was found that ASA reduced fever and relieve of pain and swelling but also it was much better for the stomach and worked better than Salicylic Acid. 1899- ASA was given the name ASPIRIN- that comes from the plant relative of a rose that makes SALICYLIC ACID (several plants makes this compound not just willow). * How drugs such as aspirin work Prostaglandin is a chemical that is released to make the nerve ending register an even stronger pain to the brain. It is made in working cells of the damaged tissues by using an enzyme called CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 (COX-2). Prostaglandin makes you feel the pain of the damaged area and causes it to swell up (inflammation), to bathe the tissues in fluid from the blood so that it will protect it and help it heal. Pain serves the purpose here to remind you that the damaged area cannot be used, as it is not healed. However sometimes we endure pain when there is no real reason to. For example Period Pains and Arthritis. It can make people feel really uncomfortable and arthritis can damage joints permanently. ASPIRIN works by locking itself to the enzyme that makes the chemical Prostaglandin. The enzyme C0X-2 that is found in normal tissues but mostly in tissues that have been damaged in some way, can no longer convert floating chemicals into Prostaglandin because they are unable to move with the aspirin lock on. Aspirin does not treat the cause of the pain; it just lowers the pain signals getting through your nerves to the brain. * How effective aspirin is New researches suggest that an aspirin a day is a preventive measure against Heart Attacks. However the effectiveness of aspirin has differential effects depending on genetics.

The Last Lovely City Essay Example for Free

The Last Lovely City Essay The Last Lovely City is perhaps one of the masterpieces written by Alice Adams in the whole duration of her writing career. The story comprising 13 stories gradually divided into two parts is manifestation of the author’s deftly limned thus fully realized portrayal of the characters that embody the story so as to give a clearer vision of the emotions that the author wants to reader to absorb from the story. Consequently, Adamss characters become supremely realistic in sense and thus worthy of understanding because they act so intermittently despite superior intellect and experience. Although no concrete explanation can be arrived at by simply looking over the immediate flow of the story, one can perhaps be resolved by running over the idea that, perhaps, Adams would, as much as possible, avoid too much involvement in the story herself. Another aspect is the influence of the real-life scenarios by which Adams may have predicted to be most likely astonishing. That is, one is affected by such trying times in the sense that one reverts to the more negative sides of life, being swallowed by the surmounting conflicts within the feelings of the characters of the events where decisions become distorted. The point of the whole gist of the theme, the tone, and the purpose perhaps is to trigger emotional concern on the dignifying sense of twisted and intertwined individuals which apparently jive along with the situation—scene per scene. It may be taken to assumption the author herself may have had felt the exact experiences conveyed by the story, nevertheless has made critical research and analysis on possible instances that may come up with a realistic story. There are several questions manifested in the flow of the story. The symbolic reverberation with a complicated and not altogether seemly past comprises the story with the conception that a young woman may be engrossed in him: Is she flirting with him, seriously flirting? Well, she could be. Such things do happen, the doctor reminds himself—and she seems to be a very honest young woman, and kind. She could brighten my life, he thinks, and lighten my home, all those rooms with their superb views that seem to have darkened (Adams, 2000). Consequently, Adams doesnt generate heroes and villains. She creates blemished human beings, and the doctors retribution is tinged with rue. Conceivably, the author’s main intent in giving a slight humor and a plausible aura to the character may be collaborated with Hemmingway’s works of love and conflict and humorously enhanced dilemmas. Adamss place in the landscape of late-twentieth-century American literature has been earned not only by the skill and deftness of her prose, but also by her challenge to the hackneyed dismissal of loves redemptive possibilities. She presents a world where the potential for smart and independent women to have their cake and eat it, too, to enjoy professional and romantic success, stubbornly persists even if not often realized. No romanticist—Adams never flinches from describing all the vagaries and disappointments that afflict sexual and platonic relationships, but neither does she ever permit these descriptions to produce a sense of crushing pessimism. Ultimately Alice Adams was that most rare of writers, a staunchly realistic optimist who always retrieved a glimmer of hope from the most adverse of situations. The Last Lovely City—is a manifestation of the good and the bad experiences that the characters have gone through in life as well as with the glitches in it that has been encountered. Given the fact that even in the introductory parts of the story, the tone and the theme is already shown in explicit finesse—with all the evidently magnificent places that has been included in the story—San Francisco, North Carolina, Mexico, Hawaii. The story itself is a point of Adams’ stunning art in portraying passion of love and life has been consistently paid high regard by many that this collection of stories is celebrated worldwide.

Opinion Of Employees Of Nishat Apparel Division Commerce Essay

Opinion Of Employees Of Nishat Apparel Division Commerce Essay This report entails the details for the methods being used to conduct the research and to reach a conclusion and findings for the prevailing research problem of employee turnover in Nishat Apparel Division. It starts with an overview of company and its operations, global domestic overview and the overall textile industry overview. It also incorporates the competitor analysis of the company. This report explains the Textile industry scenario of Pakistan and its growth prospective such that what are the government policies and regulations for this sector, if they exist. Competitor analysis is done while considering two competitors that is, Masood Apparel Ltd and sapphire textiles Ltd. Literature Review has been done from various journals, articles and published articles. Firstly, the textile industry is explained, then the Human Resource Management is taken into consideration which is the area of interest and then the research problem is discussed through articles. Furthermore, the Research question along with the research methodology including the sample size, variables regarding the research problem, research design and limitations of the research are presented. The findings and Analysis on the primary research is discussed in detail which mainly purports to the basic research. All the factors and reasons leading to employee turnover in this particular firm are mentioned which leads to the overall analysis of the research and findings. The results being mentioned are from all the sources that were useful in conducting this research. In the end, Conclusion and recommendations is given along with the sample of questionnaire being used to get the opinion of employees of Nishat Apparel Division. COMPANY PROFILE NISHAT GROUP Nishat Mills is a public limited company that comes under the domain of Nishat Group. It was incepted in 1948 by Manshas father Mian Mohammad and his three brothers and is one of the top five business houses in Pakistan. The groups journey started plausibly but cascaded down the road of success to earn the existing dynamic reputation, over the years, under the legendary leadership of Mian Mohammad Mansha. The group has spread its roots in almost all leading sectors of economy and by far is the most eminent player in every sector, it operates in. It has no parallel when it comes to comparison in terms of diversification with other groups. Its exalted position is narrated by the presence of following companies under the groups flagship. SECTOR COMPANY Textile Nishat Mills Insurance Adam Jee and Security General Banking MCB Construction (Cement) D.G. Khan Cement Power Generation Pakgen Power Limited Paper Products Nishat Shoaiba Paper Mills Aviation Phonix Aviation Source: Nishat Mills Limited Company Website; www.nishatmillsltd.com (2012) Although all these companies are acclaimed but the three prominent among them are Nishat Mills, MCB and D.G Khan Cement. The group is renowned as a multinational operating locally, with products, services and management skills superior to all other competitors. Currently, Nishat comprises of 21 companies out of which 13 are listed with manufacturing assets worth Rs. 27 billion. Nishat Textile Mills was established in 1951 where as first power unit was set up in 1995 by the group. Muslim commercial Bank was acquired in 1991 and now has over 1200 branches with more than 12000 employees. Nishat Group has been the largest exporter of textile products from Pakistan since a decade with total exports of Rs.36.015 billion in the year 2011. INTRODUCTION NISHAT TEXTILE MILLS Nishat Mills is the largest vertically integrated textile company in Pakistan. It is one of the largest manufacturers and exporters of textiles. It primarily exports fabric to American and European countries where it is used by acclaimed brands such as GAP, DKNY, Tommy Hilfiger, Old Navy, CHAPS, and Sears etc. It employs latest technology from Europe, Japan and USA and obtains synergies from local companies when its a necessity for them to outsource the raw material or yarn. The capacity for large scale production is met with 198,120 spindles, 670 air jet looms and finishing capacity of 7 million meters fabric per year. The company is equipped with latest dyeing and processing units including 2 stitching units for home textile, 1 stitching unit for garments and power generation facilities of 89 MW. The progress and expansion of Nishat Textile Mills over the years is shown in the table: Source: Nishat Mills Limited Company Website; www.nishatmillsltd.com (2012) Over the past decades, the company climbed the ladder of success under a dedicated and motivated management team. The vision and mission statements were rephrased several times but they revolved around the same objective of serving the customers and country. MISSION STATEMENT To provide quality products to customers and explore new markets to promote/expand sales of the Company through good governance and foster a sound and dynamic team, so as to achieve optimum prices of products of the Company for sustainable and equitable growth and prosperity of the Company. VISION STATEMENT To transform the Company into a modern and dynamic yarn, cloth and processed cloth and finished product manufacturing Company that is fully equipped to play a meaningful role on sustainable basis in the economy of Pakistan. To transform the Company into a modern and dynamic power generating Company that is fully equipped to play a meaningful role on sustainable basis in the economy of Pakistan. AWARDS AND CERTIFICATIONS Under the banner of Nishat Group and due to the relentless efforts of the management team, Nishat Mills attained following milestones. Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FPCCI) Export Performance Trophy ISO-9001 certification IKO-TEXÂ   100 certification SA-8000 certification City pad certification MEMBERSHIPS Nishat Mills Limited is a member company of the following Industry Associations and Trade Bodies:Â   All Pakistan Textile Mills Association (APTMA) All Pakistan Bed sheets Upholstery Manufacturers Association (APBUMA) Pakistan Readymade Garments Manufacturers and Export Association (PRGMEA) Pakistan Textiles Exporters Association (PTEA) The Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FPCCI) The Lahore Chamber of Commerce and Industry (LCCI) Karachi Chamber of Commerce and Industry (KCCI) The Faisalabad Chamber of Commerce and Industry (FCCI) NISHAT APPAREL LIMITED Nishat Apparel was incorporated in 2005 as a public limited company. The company is equipped with state of art plant and equipment for handling all kinds of Woven Bottom made ups. Nishats decades of experience in the textile industry sets Nishat Apparel firmly above its competitors for its dedication towards quality and efficiency. Now Nishat apparel is a leading manufacturer and exporter to all the Worlds major brands of Woven Bottoms. Mr. Faisal Naseem, director operations is looking after Nishat Apparel. Nishat Apparel brings a blend of dedication and commitment towards its customers. This is achieved by offering premium services ranging from thread and fabric selections to the manufacturing of the products and providing the best quality to its customers on their demands. VISION People at Nishat Apparel are committed: To do what is right, to be a good neighbor and partner in their community, to conduct their business with an environment friendly manner, to provide fair return to society, employees and stake holders, and to conduct business with employee, customers, suppliers and all other based on honest, fair and equitable basis. DEPARTMENTS PROCESS FLOW DEPARTMENTS PROCESS FLOW AT NISHAT APPAREL GATE OFFICE Gate office mainly controls the flow of materials that enter into and out of the factory. Without their permission, no materials enter into the factory and no department accepts any material without the entry stamp from the main gate. The remaining process takes place afterwards. OGP stands for Outward Gate Pass and IGP stands for Inward Gate Pass. Gate Office basically verifies the OGP. Then Receipt room is there to verify each and everything by looking both the various components. Here, purchase order is received which consists of all details. They handle internal control procedures in company transfer system (non-returnable materials) like donation, transfer, credit, cash and loan. Gate office has the responsibility to completely verify the item; if they dont give the permission the security will not clear that item. First there is demand and then Purchase order. It includes Challan Invoice. Invoice details are being verified against the PO number. If purchase order is written then it is entered immediately. In case, it is not written then via email this is informed to concerned department and is again sent to the gate office so that they can actually put their stamp on it. And that PO number can be generated. Entry of both fabric and components take place which go to fabric room and to the receipt room, respectively. After they assign IGP (inward gate pass) number, second procedure is to assign GIN (good inspection note) number. The gate office has the authority both to sample and check one by one the quantity of goods. When they approved the item against purchase order, the software automatically generate IGP number, which they write on documents and sent to the receipt department. Cartons by suppliers go directly to the receipt room. There is no specific number of deliveries. If sometimes the delivery does not match then it is kept by gate office and is kept pending, unless and until the concerned department responds. And the concerned department sometimes takes too long.OGP is of two types that is, Returnable and Non Returnable. Payment adjustment and documentation start with gate office and outgoing items end with gate office and documentation done from it. RECEIPT ROOM First physical inspection of inward material is received and IGP is generated by the Gate Office. The three documents being received are Invoice, Delivery Challan and Packing List with material. Physical Inspection may result into following outcomes: Excess, Shortfall, and Rejection. In case of Excess: the items become property of GNA and are sent to store room. For Shortfall: Receipt Room intimates concerned department and also the supplier and the IGP is sent back to the Gate Office for correction. And for Rejection: Receipt Room holds the goods and intimates concerned department which verifies and guides the receipt room for acceptance or simply sending the material back to the supplier. OGP is then generated by the store room, in case; the items have to be sent back to the supplier. On acceptance, GRN number is generated, GRN stands for goods received and inspection note. All GRNs are collected by store room and concerned department. Signed IGP will be sent back to the Gate Office who is responsible for signatures required on the form. PROBLEMS Counting very small items with large number takes a lot of time in Quality Inspection, for example, Tags which need to be counted on a weight scale also needs to be checked for Bar Code, Line number and Size written on it. STORE ROOM In this particular department, materials like thread, zip, buttons and many other required things needed to make a garment are held in an inventory form. It provides each and everything related to making of a final product starting from a fabric to a needle. Main store department provides the accessories and fabric department provides the fabric to the cutting section. Basically merchant passes demand for coding which is by size, shade and tex wise. After coding the same demand goes to the purchaser and then purchaser purchases from the concerned supplier. The order follows as: The material which came from the supplier regarding the purchase orders and other items which are used in the factory get approve at the gate and the gate office provide the IGP (Inward gate pass) number. After approval from the gate office the material is sent to the receipt section in which they check the quantity of materials which they require for the order and then quality inspector from the MMC check the quality of materials. Afterwards, GRN number is assigned to the inventory and then the materials are sent to the inventory store. The staff, present in the store room takes the material from the receipt section to the main store and then they check the quantity and place the materials in the shelves. And then all the information regarding the inventory is entered into the computer concerning mentioned specifications. In order to issue the material, SIR is required from production department and that SIR is signed by both who receive the material and who issue the material. SIR stands for Store Issue Request and it includes the item codes, description, location and quantity. Before issuing the material to specific department, all details are checked from the computer regarding the demand from the specific department and then material is issued to that concerned department. In this particular department complete record is kept for convenience. Also, check and balance takes place monthly in order to remain up to date about the material being stored as an inventory and the remaining being issued to other departments. Every item has its own GRN. According to this GRN, Demand is fulfilled such as demand of threads, zippers, buttons, etc. Threads thickness is checked according to tex that can be 40, 27, etc. Lastly, finishing and packing takes place and for this there is a separate store named as Basement Store. MATERIAL, MANAGEMENT CONTROL DEPARTMENT When the customer books order, it is the marketing department that provides all details. All specifications and requirements of trims and other things are provided in the form of the demand. PPIC raises demand to the Material, Management Control (MMC) department. MMC department physically deals with the supplier and purchase the materials according to requirement of the order. MMC is done for the material procurement like fabrics and accessories. Trims are referred to as accessories. MMC accessories deals with supplier regarding the materials used in the garments except fabric like threads, zip, labels, tag, washing label, hangers, button, rivets etc. If the customer is giving nomination and a code or a PI that is, purchase invoice, then it is the duty of MMC department to check and verify all the rates listed on that. After the verification of the prices and the codes, an order is placed. In Nishat Apparel, lead times regarding the foreign countries is 14 to 16 days. Whenever the document has to be received, it is first given to the gate office, then to receipt room and from there to the warehouse. GNM is generated and then each piece arrives for an approval. If code is written on it then it is an easy task to simply check that. In case, the code is not written on it then the packing is checked as usually the codes are written on the packs. Also, if any problem arises during the audit or any other process then the sole responsibility is on the customer. MMC fabric deals with supplier regarding the fabrics about how much quantity they need for the completion of the order and also what quality the customer desires. Nominated Supplier is the one who is bound to buy from the buyer supplier. Whereas, Non- nominated Supplier is the one who can purchase or collect fabrics from anywhere but the quality match according to the customer requirement. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT Primary objective of PD is to establish a set up to understand the designs of products and make it easier to understand for production people. Two types of approaches are used at PD: Reactive and Proactive. Reactive approach has nothing to do with marketing research regarding new fashion and upcoming designs. Client himself does this research and provides the design as a tech pack and PD only copies that design on behalf of the client. Proactive approach involves self designing and then taking those designs to international exhibitions and get orders from different clients. Here, the unit shows its capacity and research work which makes the clients life easier if they like the designs and PD can make profits for the company by its work. For this purpose, PD studies the last 4 to 5 years trends and customers related market segments to analyze and design according to the customers taste. PD is just like a factory within a factory. They develop samples, raise demands for their required materials, develop commercial samples and then take them to international exhibitions. PD interacts with marketing, PPIC, and Production to run its business. Product development has different sections: Technical services, Design Cell and Sampling. Technical services department maintains four types of documents: Manufacturing Specs, Trim Cards (Both pre wash and after wash but all Pre cuts), Trim Issuance Sheet and Fabric Card. Manufacturing Specs includes: Style Brief, Fabric and Wash Detail, Trim and sundries details, Thread and construction detail. Sequence of Operations is very important for an assembly line and if it is changed very frequently then production cost increases tremendously. It is mentioned in the thread and construction details within manufacturing specs. It is considered very important and is an individual document which is not linked with any other document. Fabric card and trim card as obvious from the names has the cutting of fabric and all the trims including pre wash and after wash are fixed as a sample record. Fabric selection is also very critical both for body and pocketing. Designers start their working from a rigid cloth and take samples as leg panels are leg tubes for washing, stitching, embroidery etc. Almost 70-80 articles are prepared every year. These designs are then presented in different exhibitions internationally and customers pick designs of their choice and place orders. In this way design cell brings business to Nishat Apparel and contribute in profits. Sampling is just like a small production house where commercial samples are prepared. These samples are very important for winning the orders therefore it has been kept separate from bulk production house so that attention to details can be paid. CUTTING DEPARTMENT Nishat Apparel is well equipped to handle the complete cycle with state-of-the-art machinery and experienced teams handling each and every detail of process in production. Currently the manufacturing capacity is 600,000 garments per month. Software being used to design markers for automatic or manual cutting is four Gerber Spreader Machines, capable of spreading eight layers of fabric in a lay, two Gerber high speed heavy duty automatic cutting machines, and two Gerber plotters for printing the cutting markers. The cutting department mainly aims at quality control and minimizing wastage. Cutting is divided into three basic areas that are spreading, cutting and binding. The cutting department spread the fabrics according to the size chart and Fid report. They prepare the size chart of the fabric, their sizes, width and shrinkage. The spread is of same length. And according to the length of fabrics all the details are fed on to the spreading machine. For shrinkage purpose they add some margin in length. Below the fabric on the spreading machine, they have punching papers that have holes within it. After spreading, the fabric is moved through pressure machines to the cutting department. In every piece cut, there is front panel, back panel, single fly, double fly, front pocket bag, 2 belts, loops, 2 yokes, coin pocket and other major things. SEWING DEPARTMENT Currently, there are 22 sewing lines with 65 machines in each of the line totaling 1430 machines. A normal eight hour production shift is capable of preparing 30,000Pcs/Shift/Per day. There are 4 sections in sewing section. They are Back section, Front section, Assembly 1 and Assembly 2. Quality inspector at the end of the assembly checks the quality. Leather patch and then WIP passes the garments to the washing section and they wash the garments according to customer requirement. After leather patch WIP count the pieces and then sent them into the washing section. There are different types of machines and threads which are used in stitching to perform the operations such as, Lock machine and Chain machine. Tex of the thread and stitches per length is decided by product development. Tex is basically a standard of measurement of thickness of thread. They use 40 Tex, 60 Tex, 105 Tex and 80 Tex for the finest quality and for strength. INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Two types of costing sheets are sent to this department by the marketing department namely, Sketch and Sample. In sketch sheet, pictures and some other minor details are represented whereas; in sample there are no pictures. IE department gives information such as, estimate of how much meter of garments is required and how much minutes are required to complete the assigned task. This is done with the help of SMV which is Standard Minute Value. The main aim of this department is to reduce the unnecessary time of the garment and also to suggest an easy method for the bulk production. Hence, an accurate and correct assumption is given by them. This department does its work in collaboration with the marketing department. This department prepares a sheet known as Operation Breakdown Sheet. Here, SMV is calculated operation wise and target per hour in accordance to machine. Activity sampling method is used for the calculation of productivity and non-productivity time. There are total 22 lines each having 65 machines with extra 16 helpers in total. Total working hours defined for the labor is 8 hours a day. IE is actually helping production line. By doing the time study, production study and capacity study, the problems can be identified. And if there are any bottlenecks then IE is there to solve it. At the same time, weekly efficiency report is prepared by this department. Therefore it can be stated that IE suggests which operations are suitable and which are not and calculates consumption and layout sequence. GARMENT WET PROCESS (GWP) DEPARTMENT At Nishat Apparel, GWP performs various tasks, including finishing washes and fabric trimming. There are both washing machines and dryers. Washing section is basically the technical department which add the effects and shading in garment. Garments are prepared for sampling, add the effects if required and sent to the respective department. The samples are prepared for the approval from the customers and if the samples are approved by the customer then they prepare the bulk quantity of the garment. Scrapping and all other effects are done before washing and all chemicals are used separately. 3 times wash is required for DENIM garment and 1 time wash for TWILL. For DENIM dying 2-3 hours are required and for TWILL 45 minutes are required for dying. And 3% error is acceptable all over the factory. While the following washes are available in a variety of possible combinations. The types of washes available in Nishat Apparel are as follows: Enzyme washing, Bleach wash, Over dyeing (direct dyeing), Garment Dyeing, Garment wash (Rinse + Softener wash), Tinting, and by washes (acid enzymes). PRODUCTION, PLANNING, IMPLEMENTATION CONTROL DEPARTMENT The production planning and control department plays a vital role in the massive operations of Nishat Apparel. Their forecasting and scheduling skills assist in determining the production specifications which are devised to satisfy the expectation and demands of our clients completely. Placement and planning of the material is done by PPIC. PPIC prepare all plan regarding the flow of materials from feeding to finishing section. It receives information from the merchandiser and link it the production. The PPIC department links with the FID (Fabric Inspection Department), CAD (Computer Aided Design) for making the marker, Cutting (issuing fabric), WIP (work in process) PPIC sub department, IE department, Sewing Department, Quality Assurance Department, GWP (Garment Wet Process), Finishing (trimming, button, zip, pressing) and Packing area (dispatching). Customer tells the order to the marketing department and then marketing department asks PPIC whether this order can be taken or not. PPIC then looks for the capacity and if it is more the order can be taken otherwise not. Afterwards marketing department negotiates with the respective customer. After the confirmation of the orders, meaning that induction date and the ex-factory dates get decided, the procurement gets started and PPIC plans about the percentage at which the material requirement is planned. If shipment date gets delayed due to any reason, it is the sole responsibility of the PPIC department. Therefore, it is there to implement and control as well. PPIC is actually monitoring the balancing. Work in Process (WIP) is there for controlling. Sometimes the order is delivered on time but even then the problem arises. This might be due to the reason that the material is defected. So, here PPIC plays the major role by raising the shipment alarm. If the other party negotiates well then its better otherwise the company has to bear a loss. This is very rare but again PPIC will be responsible. For a planner to achieve success it is very important to know: What is going wrong? What can go wrong? FINISHING, PACKING SHIPPING In tag section, tags and label are attached to the garments. Washing labels are then attached and extra buttons are included. This is ensured that the garments are packed properly and free of any flaws or defects. Even the possibility of minute needle fragment in the garments is not overlooked; every garment is magnetically scanned through the needle detector. Again, if it is the demand from the customer only then it is passed through the needle detector, otherwise, there is as such no need. In the non-needle zone area, the shade master separates the garments according to the shading and sizes. There is buyer scanning software available. Through bar code they enter the quantity of garments. After that, the material is packed in the Polly bags and then the garments are placed in the cartons. There is also the customer auditor in the packing section who checks the quality of materials by selecting random packing box. After approval, the garments are ready to be dispatched. Now the order is ready to be shipped. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF NISHAT APPAREL LIMITED Source: Nishat Apparel Limited: Human Resource Department FLOW CHART OF MATERIALS TO FINISHED GOODS LITERATURE REVIEW LITERATURE REVIEW Mariappan. V Chidambaram. K (2003) in their article have done a survey of the benefit exhibition of the National Textile Corporation in Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry showing an exasperating picture of downtrodden limit utilisation, old fashioned engineering and machinery, poor support and overabundance human power. It has been shown here that the textile division is an unpredictable industry and measuring the gainfulness of the textile industry is a perplexing task. There are different sorts of assets, which are not inter-convertible and are utilized in the processing of textile features. Therefore, productivity in textiles could be measured as far as any of the assets utilized. Study of capacity utilization of the corporation and the installed capacity of the spinning and weaving has been undertaken by the authors as a methodology to reach a conclusion. Productivity is getting drained mainly due to underutilization of machines, inefficient working, poor machinery maintenance, over spinning, lack of modernisation, power shortage and unhealthy labour and management relations. Ganesh. S (2002) in his article has identified that the Indian textile industry is in a state of rot, if viewed from the point of view of readiness for the opening of the globe textile business sector in 2005. The cotton ginning has a poor quality and wastage of spinning takes place due to which imports are descending. As a consequence, the costs increase. The Indian textile industry is excessively divided and outdated to profit from the business openings which will follow the end of portion controls. At the same time trading units are helpless in the event that they are denied of right to gain entrance to the residential business. Patibandla. M Chandra. P (1998) in their journal have explained the inter-firm variations in the adoption of different organizational practices and labour productivity on the basis of various factors such as screening, benefit-imparting, flexibility in working hours, productivity by a team, just in time and the size of the firm based on the primary survey taken from the Canadian Textile Industry. The outcomes infer that screening and benefit-imparting are substitutes. Benefit-imparting rehearse has all the marks of being more successful in little firms than vast firms. Information from 62 firms was gathered by the authors throughout 1992-1993 by means of a post survey that was caught up by conversations with plant administrators for about 30% of the firms. Other than this, various different variables have been defined by the authors for this particular study and the production function framework has been used to find out the results. Harpaz. I Meshoulam. I (2010) in their paper have written about the implication of work, occupation relations, and strategic human assets administration. This paper demonstrates that Israeli specialists working in textile firms have ended up being more individualistic and materialistic, and less aggregately turned. The mentioned issues clearly impact job relations and organizational strategies. Subsequently, it focuses on strategic human assets administration centres on the move of Israels textile mills Human Resources calling, from the accepted HR part to the revamped Strategic Human Resource Management part. The three major influential changes and their impact on the Human Resources Profession being mentioned are the growth and development of the high technology industry, globalization, and the strategic movement. High technology industry brought with it an additional important change an emphasis on innovation. Creating an environment of innovation required a new managerial approach and new HRM emphasis. Empowerment, flexibility, collaboration, better use of employees collective wisdom and less formal structures is just a few of the basics in developing and encouraging innovation. The area of HR measurement is ignored, to a large extent, by Israeli managers. Tools are not developed, expertise is minimal and management does not demand it as an integral part of the business. Very few organizations have implemented holistic, systematic measurement methodologies, such as the HR Scorecard. Tanveer.Y, et al. (2011) in their journal The Way Human Resource Man