Twain’s problematic ending of Huck Finn

The adventures of Huckleberry Finn is known as one novel that has brought controversy from the time it was published in the year 1884 (Pearl par 1). It was banned in major public libraries many referring to it as â€Å"trash. † Currently, many regard it as a classical American novel though others still critic it in one area or the other. It is a novel from where â€Å"all modern literature† was derived and modern scholars and critics now treats it as great work of art in America (Pearl par. 1). Perhaps the greatest irony is that though it received great criticism, of all the MT’s novels, it is the one that sold most immediately when it was published. Hunk Finn, as it is commonly referred to, is set in the Mississippi river town of St. Petersburg, Missouri and the various locations along that river through Arkansas (SparkNotes, screen 21). The major conflict in the novel is portrayed as the main character (protagonist), Huck struggles with a society (antagonist) that is trying to civilize him. The conflict is also intensified as Hunk deals with Jim who is a black slave; since Hunk must decide whether to reject Jim and please the society or protect him and follow his conscience. This essay shows that Twain’s ending of the novel betrays the true subject of the work. The novel ends with the three boys Huck, Tom and Jim escaping from a shed where they had been surrounded by about fifteen farmers guarding Jim, the black slave (Twain 361). They make a hole in the wall to escape but as they does, Tom makes some noise and what follows is the shooting that leaves a bullet in Tom’s leg who portrays himself a hero. However, Huck and Jim are concerned about the condition of the leg and upon Jim’s suggestion; they go to look for a doctor. This only worsens things for Jim who is captured by the locals and is chained as they bring Tom home on a mattress accompanied by the doctor. By this time Huck has already run home having left the two boys alone. The locals have decided to hang Jim though no one does it as they are afraid of compensating the slave owner. They are therefore left with no other option than to treat Jim roughly until the time when the doctor comes and saves him by explaining that it is him who in fact saved Tom’s leg from deteriorating by nursing him (Twain 377). When Tom however learns that Jim was still in chains, he reveals to them that in fact Jim had already been set free thus was no longer a slave. This allows the reader to glimpse the character trait of Tom. Though he had known all along that Miss Wanton who had died two months earlier had set Jim free in her will, he did not say it because he felt that they needed to device a good plan to rescue Jim. If he had said it earlier, Jim could not have gone through the sufferings that he had experienced. Huck arrived and on enquiring from Tom what he would do if Jim was freed; he replied that he planned to repay Jim for all his troubles and sending him off as a hero. And he said, what he had planned in his head from the start, if we got Jim out all safe, was for us to run him down the river on the raft, and have adventures plumb to the mouth of the river, and then tell him about his being free, and take him back up home on a steamboat, in style, and pay him for his lost time, and write word ahead and get out all the niggers around, and have them waltz him into town with a torchlight procession and a brass-band, and then he would be a hero, and so would we (Twain 387). The Phelpses and Aunt Polly release Jim and feed him on hearing that he helped the doctor to nurse Tom. He is also given forty dollars as a payment for all his troubles (Twain 387). Tom and Huck are not through with their adventure and plan to go for another one to the Indian territories. Huck thinks that Pap had taken all the money but it is Jim who informs him that in fact the dead man he had seen in a floating house was Pap (a cruel and drunk father). It is clear that though the writer of the novel was initially heading to the right direction in his writing, he â€Å"looses focus† (it may have been intentionally) as he comes to end of the novel in the way he presents the relationship between Huck and Jim. All along, the two boys had been together passing through hardships and challenges during their adventure. They are seen doing different things together; for example have to hide the inheritance of the Silk sisters in a coffin away from the greedy â€Å"King† and â€Å"Duke. Huck even comes to a time when he had to decide whether to give the remaining Gherkin (food) from his provisions to Jim or take it himself (Paine Par. 20). Therefore every reader expects Huck’s emotional attachment with Jim to grow. However when Tom appears, a different picture is portrayed with Huck remaining quiet when, they endanger Jim’s life by not telling Phelpses that Jim had already been released by the former Slave master and instead decides to device a plan as part of their adventure. When Jim goes to get the doctor, Huck leaves and runs to his uncle’s place leaving his friend. So then I crept into a lumber-pile to get some sleep; and next time I waked up the sun was away up over my head! I shot out and went for the doctor's house, but they told me he'd gone away in the night some time or other, and warn't back yet. Well, thinks I, that looks powerful bad for Tom, and I'll dig out for the island right off. So away I shoved, and turned the corner, and nearly rammed my head into Uncle Silas's stomach! (Twain 367). The other problem arises because though the novel’s subject is directed to the theme of freedom, at the end Jim who is supposed to be free is not still free. This can be attributed to the mistake that Tom made though intentionally. Jim, who has been technically free for all that time they were in the adventure, is still bound in chains, first in the home of Phelpses before the escape and then by the locals who captured him when he went to bring the doctor who would treat Tom. It is ridiculous that Miss Wanton can not set Jim free when she is alive and has to wait till she dies and does it in her will. Old Miss Watson died two months ago, and she was ashamed she ever was going to sell him down the river, and said so; and she set him free in her will. â€Å"(Twain 383) In conclusion, it is clear that the work of Mark Twain was based on the theme of racism, slavery and freedom thus different readers can critic it using different views. The plot flows smoothly from the beginning but the problem arises in the ending as the reader is left wondering why there is no development in Huck’s character -who is the protagonist and who is supposed to develop in all areas as the plot develops.

Business Communication Report Hnc

Wordcount (Excluding appendices): 1516 {draw:frame} Jan Cervenka HC-BUS-F Group B 2009 – 2010 Table of Contents Introduction This report was commissioned by Doctors Campbell and Stewart and compiled by Jan Cervenka of Total Administrative and Organisational Solutions (TAOS). It was compiled in order to examine the organisational issues and problems of Cairnwell Health Centre. The organisation risks losing additional funding for the next five years if the problems are not solved. The main issues are low staff morale; high levels of stress-related absenteeism and a lack of appropriate IT. This report aims to examine these issues in detail and make recommendations for change. The organisation is Cairnwell Health Centre, which is located in the middle of the Hamewith housing estate in Fraserhead. It is headed up in partnership by doctors Campbell and Stewart. They employ a number of staff: a Practice Manager, two receptionists, two typists, an archivist and nursing staff. The capacity of the Centre is about 1000 patients. The report was to be submitted by 5 October 2009. Methods of Investigation Questionnaires were distributed to patients on 5th September Results were collected on 10th September. Staff questionnaires were distributed on 5th September 2009. Results were collected on 10th September 2009. Observation of the surgery was held on 11th September. Costing for new IT system was researched with Hewlett & Packard on 15th September 2009. Doctors Stewart and Campbell were interviewed on 20th September Findings Patient Questionnaires (Appendix 1) Of the one thousand copies of Patient Questionnaires, which were distributed among patients, there were eight hundred and seventy six replies. The outcome was debatable, as you can see in PATIENT QUESTIONNAIRE OUTCOME (Appendix 2). Staff questionnaire (Appendix 3) Ten copies of the Staff Questionnaire out of fifteen copies were handed back to staff. The outcome of the Staff Questionnaire was more definite (Appendix 4). All members of staff felt uncomfortable within their occupation. All of them thought that the approach of the Practice Manager and leading doctors was not satisfactory. Members of nursing staff stated that they felt they are forced to work overtime very often. The typists and receptionists also pointed out that IT equipment is out of date. Their complaints were mainly addressed to the stability of hardware and to theage of software applications. Sometimes, they were unexpectedly unable to type in or find out personal data of patients, this causes long delays. Staff also think that that IT equipment does not let them work as well as they can. The majority of staff members would also welcome more training, because they sometimes can not deal with problems they face every day. They do not know, for example, how to deal with rude or elderly patients properly. Observation The main issues, which were extracted from both Patient and Staff Questionnaires, were affirmed by the observation of the surgery. The observation was held in the reception area, waiting area and staff area. It was noticed, that queues at the reception were undesirably long. Approximate waiting time was between 15-20 minutes. The receptionists were unpleasant and frustrated. It was found that this was caused by the computer, which stopped working suddenly. One of the receptionists tried to calm down waiting customers, but not successfully. The Practice Manager started shouting at the receptionist instead of helping her. They often did not answer telephone calls. Research into IT solutions It was found that the IT systems of the surgery were out of date and thus, very slow and unstable. Sometimes, it was impossible to type in personal information of the patients, because memory storage of the computers was full. In some cases, it was also impossible to find out personal data of patients due to system failures. Problems with IT equipment lead to increasing stress levels of staff. During an appointment with an advisor of Hewlett & Packard, costing of IT equipment refurbishment was discussed. Interview with Doctors (Appendix 5) Both Doctors are ready to undertake appropriate changes in order to improve patient services rapidly. Conclusion It was found that the problems that the Surgery faces are serious and need to be solved as soon as possible. All members of staff do not feel comfortable within their occupation. They are not satisfied with the managerial staff of the Surgery. They are also not satisfied with the IT equipment. This leads to one of the biggest issues of the Centre – IT equipment. Both hardware are software are outdated. Problems with the IT is a major influence on stress-related absenteeisem. It was found that the doctors realise that the service provided to patients is not the best. They are ready to undertake appropriate changes to improve levels of provided service. Doctors Stewart and Campbell should consider the following recommendations in order to improve the efficiency of the Surgery. Recommendations To improve levels of the service provided to patients TAOS recommends following solutions. Staff meetings Meetings between the managerial staff, the leading doctors and the lower staff should be carried out regularly and communication between all members of staff should be improved. Occasionally, staff reports should be compiled. Relationships between members of staff Teambuilding Appropriate building courses should help to improve responsibility and behaviour at work of every member of staff. Refreshment facilities improvement IT systems improvement Training of Staff All members of staff should be trained in order to learn how to deal with patients and possible problems properly. Fosters Seminars and Communications Company (http://www. fosterseminars. com) can provide training courses for healthcare staff. For further information see Appendix 9. Appendices Appendix 1 PATIENT QUESTIONNAIRE Dear patients, _We would like to take this opportunity to ask you to fill in this short survey. Our company, Total Administrative and Organisational Solutions, is compiling a report about the surgery that you attend. Then, we can make reccomendations to improve the service provided to you. _ _Thank you for your help. _ _(Instructions: Choose an answer that you feel is right by ticking it)_ The attitude of nursing staff is: Poor Satisfactory Good Excellent The waiting times at reception are: Satisfactory Unacceptable The attitude of receptionist towards patients is: Poor Satisfactory Good Excellent The cleanliness of premises of the Centre is: Unacceptable Satisfactory Good Excellent Is there anything else that you think we should know about? Appendx 2 PATIENT QUESTIONNAIRE OUTCOME _Of the one thousand copies, eight hundred and seventy six replies were received. _ The attitude of nursing staff is: {draw:frame} The waiting times at reception are: {draw:frame} The attitude of receptionist towards patients is: {draw:frame} The cleanliness of premises of the Centre is: {draw:frame} In the comment section, patients wrote further feelings about surgery, which were not covered in prior questions. The majority of the patients are not satisfied with the approach of the receptionist. Many of patients also pointed out, that the equipment of the surgery is very good. They are satisfied with magazines, which are up to date. Appendix 3 STAFF QUESTIONNAIRE _Thank you for your help. _ _(Instructions: Choose an answer that you feel is right by ticking it)_ How do you feel about your job? Very satisfied Satisfied Dissatisfied Very dissatisfied How do you feel about the managerial staff? Very satisfied Satisfied Dissatisfied Very dissatisfied How do feel about your working hours? Satisfied Dissatisfied Very dissatisfied. Would you welcome more training? Yes, I would No, I would not Appendix 4 STAFF QUESTIONNAIRE OUTCOME _Out of 15 copies of the questionnaire, 10 replies were received. _ How do you feel within your occupation? {draw:frame} How do you feel about the managerial staff? {draw:frame} How do feel about your working hours? {draw:frame} Would you welcome more training? {draw:frame} In the comment section, staff members wrote down further feelings about their occupation. All of them pointed out the very poor IT equipment. This is discussed in the Findings section. INTERVIEW WITH DOCTORS STEWART AND CAMPBELL Summary of the interview Examples of questions *How do you feel about the service* which is provided to patients? Dr. Stewart I realis_e, that the service is not the best and I know, that we must improve it as soon as possible. Otherwise, we can lose funding for upcoming years. It would by mandatory for us. _ Dr. Campbell _I agree wit Dr. Stewart. I would like to tell you that we are trying to improve it, but we have not been successful so far. That is the reason why we hired TAOS – to help us. _ What do you think about high levels of stress-related absenteeism? Dr. Stewart I think, that the problem is caused by everyone. Not only by us and management. Still, I think, that the staff should work harder. Dr. Campbell _I realise, that the Practice Manager is often too demanding. Sometimes, he shouts at the staff without any reason. I think, that he should attend a training course. _ Appendix 6 Overview of the company Team building events for corporate clients†¦ We also provide central London Team Building activities, for example our London Treasure hunt which can be undertaken on foot and public transport, and our River Thames Rib Experience is a real show stopper. Appendix 7 To get more information about the RefresU Company, it is needed to make an appointment with a manager of this company. It is needed to fill in a contact form on their website. Contact adress: RefreshU Unit 18A Lenham Storage Ham Lane, Lenham, Maidstone, Kent ME17 2LH Phone number: 1234567891 Appendix 8 _ {draw:frame} _ Health solutions  » AMBER on HP systems  » Contracts management  » Electronic Health Records Hospital information systems  » Medical archiving solution  » Medical image management and PACS  » Printing & Imaging Appendix 9 _~WE CARE~ A Guide to Patient Sensitivity _SM Dealing with the Challenging Patient_ SM_ _Documentation in the Clinic SM_ Work is Not Just a Daycare Program for Adults_ SM_ Dealing with Employee Management and Workplace Issue s_ SM_ Mediating Disputes in the Workplace_ SM_ Reducing Conflict & Improving Communication_ SM_ Violence in the Workplace_ SM_ _Legal Issues and the Nurse Manager SM_ Avoiding the Malpractice Blues_ SM_ Get Fired Up, Not Burned Out_ SM_ {draw:frame}

Building Positive Teacher Student Relationships

Teacher-student relationship has numerous benefits for the teacher and the student in the classroom. There are different types of relationships between the teachers and the students. They include that of being a mentor, being friends or a parental figure. However, in the recent decade, a new type of relationship that is unlawful and illegal has developed. When the connection between the student and the teacher starts being that of more than friends, it disadvantages the student. The teacher-student†¦ 2. Student-teacher relationships-To improve my student-teacher relationship the first thing I will do is get to know my students. I need to find out what they like and dislike, and become approachable. This will help me and the student in the long run because we will have some goodwill built with each other, and they may be able to come to me with personal issues that are hindering their learning. The second thing I would do is listen to my students. It is a sort of dictatorship in the classroom†¦ will begin to normalize certain aspects of ideology. â€Å"The social roles that we occupy throughout our lifetime, like child, student, or employee place us in relationships of unequal power and as a result of ideological value hierarchies†(139). This though is considered norm just like a student is supposed to/expected to do their homework. The relationship between teacher and student is a common one. The next function is privileging basically states that people of power are more important than others.†¦ collaborate with colleagues. Collaboration between colleagues build relationships among teachers and plays a significant role in the growth of an educator. There are many positives to collaboration but communication is essential. We all have different perspectives, and ideas and when people meet, conflict can arise because of the many differences. Furthermore, the personality of teachers can also clash when a group meets. As a teacher leader, it is important to understand colleagues and that can be†¦ Teaching a specialism of any matter requires the teacher themselves to be competent and confident with their own abilities first. To be a competent carpenter requires lots of experience, dedication and time – without dedication, you will not put in the time and in turn not gain the experience. Hence dedication is a fundamental element, which is expressed to all the construction students at Harlow College, in order for them to succeed. Dedication goes hand in hand with motivation, motivation is developed†¦ are three examples of ways a teacher can build a positive relationship with students: a. Making clear relationship between student and teacher is one of respect. This important so the student knows that you are their mentor and you are on their team. You want them to be successful and see it through that they are successful. Always be the student’s personal cheerleader! b. Knowing about the student’s home life is important when building a relationship with the student. By knowing about the student’s†¦ Teacher relationship and the effects on students At a young age, children are molded by the adults around them, shaping how they socially develop and their cognitive development. Once the child is at a school age, the most important adult around them beside family is their teacher. Thus the teacher-student relationship is formed and it must be a positive atmosphere to ensure the child to grow mentally and emotionally. Student-teacher relationships are studied and is found to have a correlation with†¦ Student-Teacher Relationships Create Positive Learning Environments When it comes to the topic of education, most of us will readily agree that a positive connection with a teacher is an essential part of learning and growing as a student. Where this agreement usually ends, however, is on the question of will positive student-teacher relationships improve student behavior? While administrators are convinced that strict discipline is the only answer for classrooms, psychologists believe that positive†¦ Student teacher relationship is very important inside of a classroom. With this relationship students and teachers will most likely do great inside of the class, but without this relationship students are more likely to not do well. Throughout this semester, I have learned a lot about how any why these relationship is key to the success of both students and teachers. Successful student-relationship enables good outcomes for both students and teachers. According to Mester et al. we must first see†¦ The teacher student relationship is very important for children. Children spend approximately 5 to 7 hours a day with a teacher for almost 10 months. We ask ourselves what is considered a good teacher? All of us have gone through schooling, and if fortunate had a favorite teacher. A positive relationship between the student and the teacher is difficult to establish, but can be found for both individuals at either end. The qualities for a positive relationship can vary to set a learning experience†¦

Research Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Research Ethics - Essay Example The paper tells that another characteristic of qualitative research manifested in this scenario is the involvement of the researcher in the subject matter as it is evident in the involvement of Alisha Shah in the research by observing gamblers gamble. Subjective interpretation of results is another characteristic of qualitative research that manifests itself in this research scenario. From the first instance of observing the gamblers, she objectively analyzes the data and comes to the conclusion that gambling is a due to social factors as opposed to the need for more money. Objective analysis and interpretation of data is one of the requirements for a good research report and is encouraged as one of the important practices in research ethics. Further, qualitative research is richer in terms of results and takes more time to come up with tangible results. This is evident in the analysis of the fractured communities in order to conclude that one of the driving forces of the gambling addiction is socially related. The characteristic of the detailed description of scenarios in qualitative research is also manifested in the use of open questions in the research tool. This is so because detailed description cannot be gotten from closed questions mostly associated with quantitative research. The decisions to allow the participants fill the questionnaires and mail them back confirms this aspect since in this case, it means the participants may give more details which can only be gotten if he/she is given the necessary time to answer and mail back.

Intellectual property problems between Apple and Samsung Research Paper

Intellectual property problems between Apple and Samsung - Research Paper Example For Samsung, it has been through thepatentinfringementsuits. Theapplecompanyis situated in the United States whereas Samsung is from South Korea. AppleCompany hadseveralways and differenttheories of Infringement andthejuryhadnoanyotheroptionother than presentingall of them. Patentlitigation is between Apple and Samsung andthese has gottenmuchattention from themedia, investors andmany industrialexecutives. Apple has all through claimedthat Samsung hadcopied their iPhone. Thecaseallbegan January 2007 whenthe iPhone wasbeenintroduced in theworldmarket. Theapple companyfiledthesuite four days before therelease of the iPhone. Among themany Apples graphical user interfaces, Apple gotinterested in one of theintellectualproperties that were to be used against the Samsung Company. 15th April 2011 a complaintwasfiled in the District Court forthenorthern District of California in the United States. Applestillmaintainedthat there wasinfringement on their intellectualproperty. Applesubmittedallthe data thattheyhad towards Samsung using their sameproducts as part of their data. Theywent through theprocess by comparingthesimilarities of their products with that of the Samsung(New York: Cengage Learning, Copyright, 2012) On 22nd April 2011 Samsung wentaheadanddidthesamethingthat Apple haddoneandfileda complaint in courts in Seoul which is its capitalcity andtheyalsofiledanothercomplaint in Mannheim, Germany.Theymadeallegationsthat Apple hadinfringed its patents. Samsung filed five patentinfringements. August 2012 thejudgeswhowere to presidethecase that hadbeenfiled by Samsung and after reviewing thecaseallthejudgescame up with severaldecisions(New Jersey : MIT Press. Copyright,2011) pg. 134.The overall decisionwasthat Apple hadinfringed two Samsungs technology patents. Theyalsoconcludedthat Samsung hadonlyviolated one Apples patent. Thecourtalsodeniedtheallegationsthat Samsung hadcopiedthedesigns of the iPad and the iPhone.

Team Performance Measurement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Team Performance Measurement - Essay Example Even though performance evaluation can be a successful process that acts as a basis for human resource development in healthcare organizations, there is a likelihood of various challenges being encountered especially if some of the team members consider it to be a punitive undertaking by the management. In a situation whereby individual accomplishments are valued more than teamwork (Sangvai et al. 2008), the junior staff in the healthcare cadre may regard performance measurement as an undesirable process due to their minimal contributions in the hierarchical structure where physicians dominate leadership and public trust. Such attitudes of inferiority may hamper the process of performance measurement as some team members feel intimidated (Castka et al. 2004). Members of a team usually have different perceptions regarding their individual performance and that of others. Some perceive themselves as the top performers, which may present a challenge in the performance measurement process when the continuous feedback to the group reveals results that are contrary to their expectations. If such individuals are rated below their counterparts in the preliminary results, they are likely to be de-motivated and discontented, thereby lowering their performance. Enthusiasm of such team members to participate in subsequent performance measurement processes may decrease; hence delaying the evaluation exercise and the ultimate results (Schrader & Lawless, 2004). Even though a strong team is expected to pursue shared objectives, the different roles require individual performance evaluation so that the management can determine the career development needs for each employee (Sanwong, 2008). This presents a major challenge since the teams normal workflow is affected by the idiosyncratic approach that promotes individualism rather than collective accomplishment of tasks. Some of the team members are likely to develop a pessimistic attitude thereby reducing their

What are RayJay Walsh's strengths and weaknesses as the narrator of Essay

What are RayJay Walsh's strengths and weaknesses as the narrator of Beamish Boy What ideas about thinking and making meaning does the choice of RayJay as a narrator raise - Essay Example His vocabulary is not developed and language used is simple and even crudely innocent at times. The reader then is able to create a highly realistic picture of the scenarios described in the book. This can be inferred from the beginning of the story itself: â€Å"My kite is black and plastic spread out flat and black against the grass and underneath the wind is shaky. Wind is a snake. Water is a snake and grass is a snake and snake is wind and water but snake is not grass. Upon reading this, the reader can picture the kite trailing behind the little boy flying along the grass. To his mind the blips, twists and bops of the kite as it skims the surface of the grass seems to be that of a snake moving, like water and wind make things move, he associates such movements with the only things he understands. The narrator repeats similar ideas and sentences, reinforcing the scene in the writers mind. The child that he is, his mind is very easily distracted oscillating from one idea to another and back gives a sense of a whirlwind of ideas, as is with any 5 year old, making the story highly realistic. He is as any young boy fixated on his kite. His thoughts move from his kite to the ocean to his sister and back to his kite. Further, the multiple use of the word ‘and’ only increases the descriptive nature of the story. The reader does not have to use his imagination, the story paints a picture; â€Å"There are no trees except the ones far away, just a clothesline and flat yellow grass and big grass hissing in the back†. This in itself is evidence of where the family was vacationing. The use of the word ‘and’ as well as multiple adjectives to describe the same situation lends to the story a higher degree of realism. This can be seen further â€Å"When I open the refrigerator, fog falls out the way the sun does here† The use of highly descriptive words are almost poetic in the way that they convey an emotion or activity, as only done by a

Marketing & Commerce, E-Marketing & E-Commerce Essay

Marketing & Commerce, E-Marketing & E-Commerce - Essay Example Recent years, our society has entered to the digital technological era and the era of Communication. This essay focuses on their implications, future and modern trends, that are used in marketing. The development of Internet has changed the nature of business. The researcher ststes, that this mixture of traditional marketing and commerce and Internet services created a new form of marketing: e-marketing and e-commerce. One of the main topics of this essay is E-marketing. It is an easily used system for providing constantly available displays of information, such as growth in self-assisted services and the widespread change from a sellers to a buyers market are just a few mentioned in the essay. Nowadays, e-marketing and e-commerce has wider possibilities than traditional marketing in terms of business operations. For instance, e marketing uses bolt-on systems, that are explained in the essay and based on the addition of an e-business system as a value added service to existing supply chains. However, e-commerce can propose a lower price level and faster delivery than traditional one. To sum up this essay, author concludes that e-commerce gives further commercial opportunities for the brand owners and legitimizes the investment in e-commerce development and maintenance. In this respect, connecting the brand site and the social aptitude of community participants potentially creates a new marketing tool. Speed, low cost and high service quality are the main benefits and differences of e-commerce, that are discussed in the essay.

The Expansion of Human Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Expansion of Human - Essay Example Applying this assumption on the case study, it can be well noted that policy making in the case presented by Thomas Foerster has been a good yet effective adherence example of rational model. The policies including the provision of labor to the people without going door to door shows the county to be a stable society where change can be brought easily because people have great interest in the public policies. Thus, it can be said that the case study does not go against the rational model and justices it as a realistic model to be following in case of formation of public policy (Lewis, 2007). Political Model of Decision Making: It is without doubt, evident that the political representatives are able to introduce and implement a public policy because this is more of a challenge for them to show people that they can perform very well on a public platform. Also, this is directly linked to development of society as well economics. It should be noted that the adherence of the case study to the politics model of policy making is limited and does not evoke a clear defense. Thomas Foerster has acclaimed a number of claims regarding policy making but he does not stands out as a political representative who was able to undergo policy making process without any complications. Thus, it can be associated that the author is against the political model to serve when it comes to decision making for formation of policy making (Lewis, 2007). Process Policy Making: Process policy model undergo a number of steps for policymaking which includes identification of the problem and then demanding the government to take action. Furthermore, formulation of a policy needs proposals and few deals that policy representatives can make. Also to note is the fact that the implementation of a policy is as important as its demand creation in front of the government. Noting these points in the case study, it can be said that the author gives enhancement to undergo a policy in a similar manner. The claims against the model are only visible when the implementation of the chosen policy is not possible since there was incomplete or negligible support from the government as posed in the case of Thomas Foerster. Thus, both defensive yet claims in against the model are present in the case study as stated above. Cobb and Elder Model of Public Policy: It should be noted that the case study under review follows and includes the main aspect of policy making which was raised as a concern by Cobb and Elder. It should be noted that according to Cobb and Elder, there are many issues in a society that can be solved by creating public interest and personal interest as an element to bring change or policy to provide intervention (Stewart, Hedge, & Lester, 2007). This is also the second most imperatives step in the model. Assessing the case study, it becomes fairly evident that firstly, the policy representatives need to identify the issue and then further expand it. This can only be done by co nsidering the issue as personal issues. This is evident in the case study through the context of Thomas Foerster as he was thinking the

Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Education - Essay Example As the report declares educational status in the United States is much ahead of the developing countries. Though funds for education are quite high, proper utilization of these funds is very essential. The educational systems in United States must focus on for certain issues such as character development, moral formation, discipline, safety, protection from drugs and early sex in the schools etc. These issues are as important as the subject knowledge. Therefore it is essential that the instructors and the parents together need to look into these aspects more seriously. This paper stresses that the aim of teaching is to make student learning possible. The role of a facilitator, or instructor, in Education is to understand the need and interest of the students and provide them the ideal conditions for learning. The task of the instructor in education is the creation of a learning environment in which students are encouraged to think carefully and critically and express their thoughts, and in which they wish to confront and resolve difficulties, it involves constantly monitoring and reflecting on the processes of teaching and student understanding and seeking to improve them. The first and foremost reason people want to become a facilitator or instructor is that it is a one of the most creative profession that provide a unique, definite, and essential social service. Teachers play a most important role in formulating the future of our civilization by providing the best education. This profession gives a sense of satisfaction.

French Revolution Discussion Questions Essay Example for Free

French Revolution Discussion Questions Essay 1. After the Sun King died in 1715, Frances financial status was bad. As the 18th century progressed these problems were never fixed and the problems continued to worsen. The Bourbons faced a variety of socio-political problems during the 18th century. After supporting the American Revolution and getting nothing in return because of the Treaty of Paris, France was left with insurmountable amounts of debt. To try to decrease the amount of debt facing France, Louis XVI tried to raise taxes but was met with a resounding protest throughout the country. The government could not inflate their currency because they did not have a central bank or paper currency. It seemed this financial situation was next to impossible to overcome. The general population was upset because the cost of living was skyrocketing; they were unable to provide for their daily needs and the monarchy was wasting money on unnecessary luxuries. 2. When the French Revolution began the French people were divided into three estates. The first estate consisted of the clergy, the second the nobility, and the third estate was the rest of France. Each estate had problems with the monarchy and wanted reform. The clergy was upset that the churchs income was being depleted from the local parishes to political appointees and worldly aristocrats the sat at the top of church hierarchy. Because of this, the economic position of local parishes were poor. The rest of the French population had simple problems but for some reason were not being solved. The third estate wanted bread to be attainable for all so they could feed their families. The price of bread was very high and the economic position of the country was terrible because of the debt caused by their support of the American Revolution, which caused widespread hunger. The three estates blamed the monarchy for their problems because no one else had enough power to come up with a solution. Unfortunately, the King couldnt make decisions and was influenced by the people around him in his decision making. Marie Antoinette and the court nobles did not care about the third estate, they just wanted to be able to maintain their frivolous lifestyle of luxury and ease. 3. The main goal of the Revolutionaries was to create a new constitution which they did in August 1789 when they issued the declaration of the rights of man. This stated that mankinds natural rights are liberty, property, security, resistance to oppression and that every man is innocent until proven guilty. It also stated that the law would express the feelings and the opinions of the general will. The Revolutionaries in 1789 attempted to create a constitutional monarchy. The Enlightenment philosophers, especially Montesquieu, influenced the type of government the French would become. Montesquieu believed in a separation of powers or a series of checks and balances so that there would not be tyranny. France wanted their government to follow that example. 4. The goal of the revolution was to reform Frances government and bring equality to all people. The revolution took such a radical turn because of political and social factors. People knew that the National Assembly was working on reforming the government and the economic situation of France. They started to become impatient and decided to take matters into their own hands. The Great Fear is one of the ways the peasants tried to free themselves from manorial rights and peasants invaded the palace as an attempt to be heard by the monarchy. The inter-conflict of the National Assembly caused the revolution to take a radical turn as well. Some people believed bloodshed was the only way to solve the problems of the revolution. They believed the monarchy needed to be disposed of which resulted of the execution of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. Some revolutionaries were determined to put an end to tyranny throughout Europe and declared war against Britain, Holland, Spain in addition to Austria and Prussia whom they were already at war with. 5. One of the most controversial phases of the French Revolution, the Reign of Terror, was a step backwards in terms of the ideals developed during the Revolution. During the Reign of Terror, the Constitution previously implemented was suspended and the rights of sovereignty that the Revolutionaries had fought for all was revoked. The Reign of Terror was a political tool to scare all who might oppose the new revolutionary government. The goal was to initiate an ideal democratic republic where justice would reign supreme and there would be no differentiation between the rich and the poor. 6. Robespierre was one of the main leaders of the revolution and considered himself a disciple of Rousseau. I believe this is true because he follows the same beliefs about the general will as Rousseau does. Rousseau believes that in society everyone should be dependant of each other in all aspects of life. This dependency would prevent individual achievement, and everyone would be equal. Robespierre wanted there to be no difference between rich and poor. Rousseau also believed that nothing could be done without the consent of all people. One person could not make decisions independently and could not be without the consent of all.

The Ozone Layer and how it effects Earth Essay Example for Free

The Ozone Layer and how it effects Earth Essay The ozone layer is a region of concentration of the ozone (O3) molecule in the Earths atmosphere. The layer sits at an altitude of about 10 to 50 kilometers, with a maximum concentration in the stratosphere at an altitude of approximately 25 kilometers. In recent years, scientists have measured a seasonal thinning of the ozone layer primarily at the South Pole. This phenomenon is being called the ozone hole. The ozone layer naturally shields Earths life from the harmful effects of the suns ultraviolet (UV) radiation. A severe decrease in the concentration of ozone in the ozone layer could lead to the effects of an increase in the incidence of skin cancer (UV radiation can destroy acids in DNA), a large increase in cataracts and sun burning, suppression of immune systems in organism, adverse impact on crops and animals, reduction in the growth of phytoplankton found in the Earths oceans, and cooling of the Earths stratosphere and possibly some surface climate effect. Ozone is created naturally in the stratosphere by the combining of atomic oxygen (O) with molecular oxygen (O2). This process is activated by sunlight. Ozone is destroyed naturally by the absorption of ultraviolet radiation, and by the collision of ozone with other atmospheric atoms and molecules. Since the late 1970s, scientists have discovered that stratospheric ozone amounts over Antarctica in springtime (September November) have decreased by as much as 60 %. Satellite measurements (NIMBUS 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) have indicated a 3 % decrease in ozone between 65Â ° North 65Â ° South since 1978. A reduction of about 3 % per year has been measured for Antarctica where most of the ozone loss is occurring globally. During the late 1990s, large losses of ozone were recorded above Antarctica year after year in the months of September and August. In some years, spring levels of stratospheric ozone were more than 50 % lower than the levels recorded months prior to the seasonal development of the hole.

Study On The Student Athlete English Language Essay

Study On The Student Athlete English Language Essay Being a student athlete is one of the hardest things there is to do. You find yourself having to make to make two full time commitments, one to your professors who expects you to fully commit yourself to the classroom and one to your coach who expects you to fully commit yourself to your sport. There is no remorse in the life of a student athlete, neither professor nor coach cares if youre too tired trying to balance the two in your life. If you spent all night studying for a class your coach is not going to let you sleep in and if you spent all day working on your sport your professor wont give you any slack. Aside from being a tough life to live there are many benefits to being a college students athlete as well. Sports teach lifelong skills that have extreme value and cannot be learned outside of sports. Also being a student athlete forces you to be so busy that you dont have time to get in trouble like other college students may. Being a student athlete means much more than what its shown to be, you learn critical life lessons through your sport, you learn to deal with stress on a different level and you become bonded to your team like a family. A college team is always changing; especially at the community college level you only see a big part of the team for only a year before they move on to a four year. At the beginning of the season you look to most of these players as just a group of guys of even your competition for your position. But as you progress through the off season your look upon these men changes, instead of your competition you see a team all striving for the same goal. Eventually this team isnt just as team but becomes a family. When your teammate is out of the field and youre not you clinch your teeth for them to make the play instead of fail which could give you a chance to play. At practice you push youre hardest to force the only players to do the same. When a whole team achieves this it creates something special, a team destine for greatness. Being a student athlete can bring a lot of stress causing them to lose concentration in both school and their sport. Stress can be a major problem that can eventually cause a student to not only quit in their sport, but also drop out of school all together. Being a student athlete causes more stress than typically any other reasoning for a college student to be stressed. For example when an athlete has a game coming up and a big project due the same night it will cause a lot stress. The one way that a student athlete can avoid having this type of stress is finishing their school work ahead of time, so they can relax after the game. This strain can also cause an athlete to stop doing a sport completely for a little while and entirely focus on their school. Theres nothing wrong with doing that, but stopping a sport for any time period will interrupt the growth of an athletes skill in their sport. Having good time management could be a determining factor of winning a State Championship or not for the team. Its granted that no athlete wants to be the one that ruins winning a State Championship just because they dont plan in advance. If a student athlete is in a sport that is individual such as tennis or golf this can cause even more stress due to the amount of pressure the sport causes alone. The goal to being a good student athlete is to have time management and not be a procrastinator. An athlete must also have good valued characteristics because in most case they are looked upon as role models. When a student goes to college they will develop into the adult they want to be in the future. Being in a sport while in college can give that student some of the respectable characteristics that they will need in the future. Bob Richards once said One of the great lessons Ive learned in athletics is that youve got to discipline your life. No matter how good you may be, youve got to be willing to cut out of your life those things that keep you from going to the top. Being an athlete means you must know what will help you move forward and what will take you back and remove what will take you back. Being an athlete also gives you leadership qualities that cant be learned elsewhere because you are placed into situations where quick decisions must be made. Athletes also have good respect towards others otherwise they would get punished in their sports for having disrespect. Being an athlete or not everybody probably agrees that having to run for being disrespectful is unquestionably not worth it. Student athletes are usually respected by others because they understand how the athletes have to work hard and are always strong-minded to succeed. Most people believe the idea that college is the time for messing around and discovering yourself, especially in the life of student athletes. The college athlete has been given this reputation of jocks only playing and partying. This is very untrue, the student athlete must strive for excellence of the field and still manage to do all their homework and school work. Regardless of how tough all the school work is, I believe everyone deserves to have a college experience outside the classroom. Some believe that student Athletes lead a different college experience than a normal student. As a college student athlete myself, I have come to learn that I am going to need to work twice as hard to be able to receive good grades while earning my degree along with balancing my time consuming baseball career. While I am trying to balance all of these things I am also going to try to be adjusting to the living circumstances and other situations the college life decided to throw at me. All college students tolerate and encounter some of the same situations. The college life is a huge change from life in high school. In college students usually move away from the comfort of their homes and no longer live under the protection of their parents. Most student athletes like myself have always been juggling their school work and sports as long as they can remember. Because Ive always had a sport to go along with school Ive never had the chance to be as full time student. In high school I was always playing a sport or dedicating my time to become better in one. It gives a student an unfair advantage over student athletes because they can spend this time becoming a better student. Although, there are many issues college students and college student athletes share, there are also a lot of problems they do not. Life can be stressful at times for every college student, but your normal college students have additional time to deal with whatever problems that occur. From witness ing college students around me, I have come to the assumption that all college students will sleep as much as they can. In most cases this would mean sleeping until you have to attend class, which most likely starts around nine for most students. Your standard course load for a typical college student is around fifteen units, which averages around ten to twelve hours a week. Once a college student attends all of his or her classes for the day they are usually free to do whatever they desire. With this extra free time the student has, it is mostly devoted to their social life. Since there normally is a good amount of extra time on the college students life they can usually have a pretty decent social life outside of school. The life of a college student athlete is structured closely to a normal students life but has much more added on top. Although, your typical class normally starts around nine or eight, most athletes are required to have to be up much earlier for study hall and/or practice depending on the sport. Not being able to sleep in very much in the mornings, I celebrate when I have a class at ten and I can go home after study hall or lifting and sleep for that extra hour. After school is over for the day, a college student athlete is rarely free to do what they wish; the majority of the time, there is either practice or games to be attended too. After a long day of class and practice you get to finally go home and do homework and study. With all of their time dedicated to the sport they play, the majority of college student athletes dont have much of a social life separate from their teammates. While most of an athletes close friends are their teammates, it feels more as if a family than just simply friends. Throughout the chaotic schedules of athletes, they can still find some spare time to socialize with other friends. The difference is that every student athlete has a target on their back and constantly has eyes watching them so they must be very cautious of what they do outside of school. Being a student athlete is hard but college can still be fun. Nothing helps clear a writers block more than going outside and throwing a baseball to clear my head. It is still unsure if student athletes or regular college students party and get in trouble more. But what I am sure of is that a student athlete will run a whole lot quick when the police come because of the fear of having to face the consequences from their coaches. The truth of the matter is college is no breeze for anyone student; college as a whole is a lot of hard work and commitment. The majority of student athletes have respect, are good leaders, and are very passionate about their school work and their sport. I personally believe the life of a student athlete can be more difficult in some parts than it is for college students but the life lessons you learn from being an athlete can never be learned anywhere else. Writers Narrative Although my essay strides away from the main topic of the assignment I felt that writing this essay would help me develop as a student. I did extensive research of the benefits and withdraws of being a student athlete and wanted to argue the point that people make that student athletes care less about their school work. Work Cited 1. Academic and Athletic Reform. American Decades. Ed. Judith S. Baughman, Victor Bondi, Richard Layman, Tandy McConnell, and Vincent Tompkins.  Vol. 9: 1980-1989.   Detroit: Gale, 2001.  Ã‚  Word Count: 550. 2 College Athletics. BRADLEY JAMES BATES, JOHN R. THELIN, JASON R. EDWARDS, ROBERT E. STAMMER, Jr., RACHEL M. MADSEN, THOMAS PASKUS,, et al. Encyclopedia of Education. Ed. James W. Guthrie.  Vol. 1.  2nd  ed.   New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2003.  p344-371.  Word Count: 15416. 3. College and High School Sports. Sports in America: Recreation, Business, Education and Controversy. Robert Jacobson. 2006  ed.   Detroit: Information Plus, 2006.  p69-94.  Word Count: 8791.

Comparing Hallucinations in Schizophrenics and Sufferers of Charles Bonnet Syndrome :: Biology Essays Research Papers

A Comparative Look at Hallucinations in Schizophrenics and Sufferers of Charles Bonnet Syndrome, and Their Corresponding Reality Discrimination Abilities Hallucinations are defined as sensory perceptions in the absence of externally generated stimuli (6). They are not to be confused with illusions in which actual external objects are perceived but misinterpreted by the individual (6). Hallucinations can take many forms including visual, auditory, olfactory and tactile, but for this paper we will focus primarily on the visual type. Visual hallucinations can occur in a number of different situations, two of which we will discuss here: Charles Bonnet syndrome and schizophrenia. These two conditions are unique in the causes and effects of the hallucinations resulting from each, and in the types of people in whom they occur. A most interesting distinction is that Charles Bonnet patients are aware of their hallucinations while schizophrenics are not. In the next sections I will present a description of the hallucinations that occur in each condition, and some hypothesized causes of these. I will conclude with an attempt to discover why ther e exists an awareness of hallucinations in one that is absent in the other. Charles Bonnet syndrome is the onset of hallucinations in psychologically healthy individuals who have become either visually-impaired, or completely blind. There are two main theories as to the cause of these hallucinations. The first and most popular is that they are "release hallucinations" that result from the, "removal of normal visual afferent input to association cortex" (7). This is supported by experiments involving direct stimulation of the temporal lobe, and fMRI's taken during hallucination events. These studies found that in the absence of visual input, activity was present in a particular visual area of the brain and that the resulting hallucination would be a type of image normally perceived by that area. For instance, a subject who hallucinated in color showed activity in the color center of the fusiform gyrus while a subject who hallucinated fences and brickwork showed activity in the collateral sulcus which responds to visual textures. (4) These areas normally respo nd to outside visual input, but in this case there was none. It is possible then that these areas are activated in the absence of inhibition caused by outside visual input. This would be something like the phenomenon of the chicken that runs around in circles once its head has been severed. The other theory is that hallucinations in visually-impaired individuals occur as part of a "filling in" process that is already in use by our brains.

classroom management plan for grades 7-12 :: essays research papers

Classroom Management Plan for Day one of class (for grades 7-12) Classroom Procedures Entering the Classroom Students will come into the classroom quietly and in an orderly fashion without running. They will unload their backpacks as quickly and quietly as possible and begin to prepare for the day. End of Class Dismissal Students will be allowed to leave the classroom only when the teacher says so. The students will leave the classroom quietly and in an orderly fashion without running or shoving. Bell Work Bell work will be utilized every day. When each student enters the classroom and gets settled into their seat, they will pull out their â€Å"bell work† folder and begin the assignment that is written on the board under the title â€Å"bell work†. Quieting the Class When the teacher wants to quiet the class she will clap once. The first clap will be the â€Å"warning† clap that will signal to the students that it is time to settle down. The teacher will then clap twice. By the time the second clap is done, the students should be completely quiet. Taking Class Roll Roll will be taken at the beginning of each class period after the bell signaling the beginning of class has sounded. A student will be assigned to do this each week. Class Motto The class motto, â€Å"Failure is not an option†, will be posted at the top of the chalkboard and never erased. The motto will be referred to at the discretion of the teacher. Collecting Seat Work Seat work will be collected according to the configuration of the desks. The â€Å"U shaped† seating arrangement will be used in the classroom. All papers will be sent to the ends of the U and then collected there by the teacher. Turning in Work All other work that is not designated as seat work such as tests, worksheets, or essays will be turned in on the teachers desk where there will be a basket for each class period. Notes from Home Students should gives their notes from home directly to the teacher who will then read the note and place it into her file folder labeled, â€Å"notes from home† Restroom Breaks Restroom breaks will be allowed only when extreme circumstances warrant them such as vomiting, a pen bursting and creating a mess, or a note form a parent specifying that their child needs to use the restroom due to some illness. Going to Lunch Students will go to the cafeteria in a straight line, quietly, while keeping their hands to themselves.

World War Two and Its Impact on the Role of American Women in Society E

World War Two and Its Impact on the Role of American Women in Society World War II is an event that has marked history like no other. Originating from a European struggle, war broke out in 1939 and continued for six years. From the years 1939 through 1945 more than half the earth's surface was battling in war. American society was greatly affected. People of every age, race and class were deeply affected. Women's place in society took a leap forward like it never had before. As an effect of the second world war women's traditional roles in society were drastically altered. The 1940's brought innovative opportunities along with hardships to American society. After the Depression it looked as though there was no hope for the traditional role of women to be changing. Women had very few job opportunities, especially married women. In William Henry Chafe's book The American Woman, he explains: Legislative bodies enacted laws restricting the employment of married women. Labor, government, and the mass media all joined in a campaign urging females to refrain from taking jobs. And the overwhelming majority of average citizens--including women--showed little interest in modifying the existing distribution of sexual roles. (Chafe 135) The role of women in society was unchanging. It was quite remarkable how stable their role remained for so long (135). While still recovering from the Depression, Europe managed to mark the beginning of the biggest war in history. They first took over Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. And after Pearl Harbor was bombed by the Japanese, the United States entered the war. The main transformation World War II made for women in American society was there were man... ...o work, keeping the economy going while the men were fighting the war. Other women joined the army and navy out in combat. Organizations that are still present to this day were founded, such as the American Red Cross Association, the Women's Army Corps (WAC), the Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES), and the Army Nurse Corps. Overall, World War II changed the role of American women for the better. It marked the beginning of an ongoing advancement of women's economic position in American society. Works Cited Brokaw, Tom.  The Greatest Generation.  New York: Random House, 2004. Print. Chafe, William H. The American Woman; Her Changing Social, Economic, and Political Roles, 1920- 1970. New York: Oxford UP, 1972. Print. Daniel, Robert L.  American Women in the 20th Century. The Festival of Life. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1987.

Chapter Syanade

Furthermore, following the Basic Education Curriculum, some enhancement, enrichment and upgrading of skills in Technology and Livelihood Education were made, wherein the students are required to undergo specialization using their basic academics in their chosen field like food trades, cosmetology, garments, agriculture, auto mechanics, radio chances, industrial electricity, civil technology, drafting, and computer technology. This enhancement paved the way of producing skilled graduates capable of employment, thereby fulfilling the school's mission and vision. Jacob Z.Gonzales Memorial National High School had been using the traditional way of teaching their students. Sometimes it's hard for the students to gather information for their assignments because of the limited number of books. It's also hard for the teachers to catch the attention of the students because sometimes they are not interested in a topic or lesson. Today we all know that technology continues to flow all over the world, computers are now more efficient to use because with the use of this device we can lessen our work. With the use of Information System for Science Subjects students can easily get information for their assignments.All students can easily understand some important or vocabulary words by the use of glossary which is also included in this system. This can also be used as the visual presentation of the teachers in teaching their students. The School of Jacob Z. Gonzales Memorial National High School has a unique equipments and facilities. They have here some computers and projectors which are provided in every room of the school. They also have their computer laboratory room that's why it is easy to use and install software or any system that will be beneficial for the school.Computer Aided Instruction is very applicable in a classroom setting specially in Environmental Science. It covers the five major themes: Human Population, Sustainability and Carrying Capacity, Urban World, Global Perspective, and Science and Values. The subject is more interesting when it integrates Computer Aided Instruction. Videos, Graphics, Text, and Sounds will be added n this software for better teaching and learning. The integration of multimedia and fresh information would help the teacher in teaching the subject and would help in getting the attention of the students.This kind of technology would be sufficient for learning especially for those who wants to excel in the subject Environmental Science. Multimedia as a part of the proposed Computer Aided Instruction would not only help the users but also to experience the innovative technology. Computer Aided Instruction for Environmental Science can be a powerful tool in education especially to those who need a large amount of reading. Students nowadays need a different kind of approach in learning, instead of traditional classroom teaching. 1. Statement of the Problem 12. 1 General Problem How to design an Information System fo r Science subjects Gonzales Memorial National High School? In Jacob Z. 1. 2. 2 Specific Problems 1 . How to design a System that will generate information about science? There is only limited number of books that's why the students find it difficult to search for their assignments. Also, the users could hardly find their needed information from the internet and library. 2. How to design a system that will help the teachers in providing a restoration for their teaching?Sometimes, the students are getting bored, listening to the lesson that their teacher is discussing in front of the class that's why the researchers choose to provide this system to make it easier for the teachers to discuss the lessons. The system can catch the attention of many students because once they open this program there is music, lots of animation and video presentations that can make the lessons more interesting. 3. How to design a system that will provide pictures and videos for presentation? Sometimes, it is hard for the teacher to discuss the lesson wherein there is need for a video presentation.The system will provide videos for the topic that is needed by the students and teachers. 1. Abject of the Study 1. 3. 1 General Objective The main objective of this system is to develop an Information System for Science subjects for high school which will provide pictures, videos and meaning of unfamiliar words. The researchers also acknowledged the use of Microsoft database to record the name and the score of the students who take the quiz in every science topic. The researchers also include here a login form which only the Science teachers can access to allow them to view the corded scores of their students.And also to know who among their students have taken the quiz. 1. 32 Specific Objectives 1. To design a system that will generate information. The system will provide a list of vocabulary words with its corresponding meaning so that the student will easily understand it. The researcher s have provided a glossary in every subject so that they can easily find the meaning of the unfamiliar words. 2. To design a system that will help the teachers in providing a presentation for their teaching. The teachers can easily use the system using a projector. 3. To design a system that will provide pictures and videos for presentation.

Cider House Rules Review

The 1 999 film, cider Ho go for Rules, directed by ask Hailstorm and based on a saucy written in 1985 by posterior Irving, portrays the respective of spontaneous miscarriages back when women did non stool the justly to choose. The movie takes place during founding War II in America, when the seek between women and society over the sounditys of abortion was the most evident. It is with acquireation of our explanation, and the examples depicted In the movie cyder House Rules, that I believe In sever in ally chars accountability to choose whether or non abortion Is meant for their particular situation.There has always been a heat up debate on human repairs, and that of a woman and her foetus. The suspicion to whom should bring on the secure to choose and the right to action is where this cable has continued to go back and Roth. cider House Rules gives a modern position on abortions during the past, and allows us to appreciate the rights we attain now in a p resent-day(a) society. Unlike the present, during the sasss when the movies metre frame was based, abortions were misap professionalpriated and women did not beget the right to choose.No occasion what the circumstances, a woman had to stomach the foetus to full term her exactly options existenceness to keep it or to give It up for adoption. At that time, there was no another(prenominal) effectual choice. With erupt options, women during this era would set out to vex a doctor who would illegitimately abort their foetus for them. Considering the national oust of contraceptives was not uplifted until 1965, the only legal way for a woman to rid of maternal quality was through with(predicate) abstinence (Impressionable). This does not account for the unavoidable impregnation from ravish or incest.The uncertainty and inability to shelter your body from having to induce an outcaste nestling is why each case should be determined separately. Women deserve the right to choose, because the practice of law is unable to ac seeledge and determine each case individually. Cider House Rules showcases m whatever another(prenominal) of these situations. The movie is a testament of a early days man trying to find his lace in American society. on the way, his morals and beliefs be tested. Homer Wells, who was in two ways adopted and returned, is raised by the orphans asylum doctor, Wilbur Larch.Larch quickly realizes Homers capability and with his utilitarianism morals In which he believed that, moot suck to be of use, began to teach Homer how to be an unlicenced doctor (Hailstorm, 1999). Being trained specifically In the field of genealogy, DRP. Larch performed banned abortions for women and believed In a womans right to ecstasy and the ability to choose. Homer is an anti-abortionist mentor, DRP. Larch, with performing immoral abortions. Throughout the entirety of the movie, he is challenged by witnessing women wanting to terminate their pregn ancies.The question that trunk is whether Homers values will stay reliable based on his views, or disaccord with each situation. The first scenario of abortion was presented in the beginning of the movie. Homer found a twelve year old youngsterlike young woman exhibiting dangerous symptoms. She was quickly hasten to surgery, where DRP. Larch voiced to Homer, If shed come to you quartette months ago and asked you for a simple D and C, what would you project decided to do? nought? This is what doing nothing gets you, Homer.It means that someone else is going to do the Job-?some moron who doesnt know how (Hailstorm, 1999). The girl planetually died due to a botched abortion that left her womb pierced by a knit stitch needle. One would first have to question if she was able to have to versed intercourse. In Kantian grounds, any form of compulsion would be morally object-able on Kantian grounds. This is one of the strongest reasons for prohibiting sex with clawren- namely , that they are not indep barent enough to resist blackmail or coercion (Ethics, 214).As a military issue, any pregnancy resulting with a child accept to sexual intercourse could morally be aborted. Further more, if she is not mature enough to consent to sexual intercourse, and so presumably, she should not be morally liable to expect or care for any offspring that happens as a result of this. From a useful point of view, one would have to ensure the consequences of having a baby at much(prenominal) a late age. If the consequences of a young puzzle keeping her child overshadows the things that would get her happy in heart, it would morally be tolerable for an abortion to transpire.Other consequences that would have to be evaluated are how one so young would be able to provide for an infant, along with the happiness of the young mother and child in effect. According to Pregnancy-Info. Net, A child innate(p) to a juvenile mother is also seen to be at a disadvantage in soci ety. Facts they base this command on include Newborns of teen mothers execute to have a lower birth weight. As they get older, they are more likely to do poorly in school and have a greater chance of experiencing abuse and neglect.It has been found that sons of juvenile mothers are more likely to touch up in prison. Daughters of teen mothers have an extendd risk of experiencing a teenage pregnancy themselves. With Utilitarian airation, ethically it would be permissible for this child to abort a pregnancy that would threaten the happiness of two mother and child. If abortions had not been illegal during the time that this movie takes place, and the girl was able to begin an abortion in a hale and safe environment with a professional, therefore the girl would have survived.The second scenario, in which Young Homers anti-abortionist morals are tested, is with his soon-to-be obscure lover confect Kendall. She and her boyfriend Let. Wally Worthington get through out to DRP . Larch for an abortion. There was never an explanation cited for the requirement of the abortion, leaving the audition to presume that they were not prepared to refer a child. DRP. Larch has always make it clear that, If you expect people to be responsible for their children, you have to give them the right to decide whether or not to have children (Hailstorm, 1999).However, Homer has always stood to his grounds that a child deserves to be alive nether any circumstance. His naturalistic beliefs were that it is wrong to end a life Church are based on natural law. doubting Thomas Aquinas was a Dominican friar who also seed natural law to argue ethically. In On innate LaW Aquinas states, In the first place, there is the inclination shared by all substances in as much as they naturally desire self-preservation (Ethics, 105). Quinoas argument moreover supports that abortion goes against the preservation of the human species, and it denies the fetus to live to its full potential.From this point of view, edulcorate is immoral for aborting because she is denying the fetus the right to its potential life. If we are depending on the status of the fetus, hence some would argue that there should be criteria to what we consider to be a person. Others winnow out this position by drawing a distinction between human being and human person, arguing that while the fetus is innocent and biologically human, it is not a person with a right to life. In support of this distinction, some propose a list of criteria as markers of Persephone.For example, bloody shame Ann rabbit warren suggests consciousness (at least the capacity to timber pain), reasoning, self motivation, the ability to communicate, and self- awareness (Wisped). With this argument, sugarcoat was morally correct to abort an unwanted child because people like Mary Ann Warren believe that a fetus does not exhibit all the criteria of Persephone, gum olibanum does not have the right to life. Candy utilized her o ptions by choosing to abort the fetus because her bodily rights exceed that of the fetus. The law at the time would have prevented Candy from attaining an abortion, so she did so illegally because she felt it is what is topper for her.People should have the option to decide whether or not they are ready to be a parent for themselves. Our final scenario presented in Cider House Rules is that of blush wine. She is one of the migrator apple pickers who befriend Homer. Her father, Mr.. Rose, was the leader of their team. later on their return from the prior season, it became evident that Rose was pregnant. What truly tested Homers anti-abortionist ethics is when he became aware of who Rose was impregnated by Her father, Mr.. Rose. In this case, all of Homers arguments of sexual restraint and pro life could not apply to her injustice.It seems that this was the only case that shook Homer into accept in a womans right to choose. rough feel that it is an injustice for a women to carry a pregnancy resulting from a sexual assault. It is also said that a pregnancy caused by rape or incest is the result of a grave injustice. This would remind the woman for nine months of the violence committed against her and would increase her mental anguish. The victim should not be obliged to carry the fetus to viability because The fetus is an aggressor against the womans impartiality and personal life (Backbite).Rose had a major injustice inflicted on her and morally should not have to bear a child that was forced. Finally, we must consider the views of Judith Jarvis Thomson. She creates an imaginary scenario in which a notable tinkerer has kidnapped you in the middle of the night, and is hooked up to your kidneys to purify his blood. She then compares the violinist to a fetus, who is a living possible person, and asks if you should morally have to save his life. like to a fetus, the violinist has not asked leave and has connected his existence to your body.Thomson argues that even though it would be charitable of you to save the life of the violinist, or fetus, you are not stimulate to do so. Such views are undifferentiated with a position that stressed that women are persons and have the right to bodily integrity as do other people, and others, even the noble purposes such as the nurturing of children (Ethics, 180). Applying Roses pregnancy due to incest, and the examples by Thomson, Rose has the right to abort because the acts were committed against her will and the fetus will grow in her without permission.It is with this reasoning that Homer aborted Roses pregnancy. Since society had deemed abortions illegal during this time, she would have had to birth a child that was born through incest. It would not be society, provided Rose who would have to live with the ultimate reminder of her fathers injustice. That is why Rose, rather than society, should have the right to choose what actions to take. The Journey of the pillow slip Homer Wells witn esses three scenarios in which women have aborted their fetus.He began with his findings of an anonymous young girl who died from her botched abortion, during which his anti-abortionist ethics were unchanging. He then met Candy, who received an abortion by his mentor, DRP. Larch. His argument on controlling your sexual urges was contradicted with his skirmish with Candy. Homer finally went against his pro- life ethics by personally aborting Roses fetus that was conceived through an incestuous relationship with her father. By the ND of the film, Homers ideals were not crushed, but were altered by the realism of the world.Realistically we must recognize that Cider House Rules is Just a fictive story that depicts real situations that do occur. both year, millions of women have an abortion and every abortion is backed by different reasons. In the end, it is not up to society to judge a woman for terminating her pregnancy. Debates and reasoning for or against abortion will always exi st. However, history shows that even when illegal, abortions were executed and sought after. In the long run, either legally or illegally, omen will implement the use of abortions whether society hold them as legal or illegal.

Meteors Case Study Essay

jibe leadingites ar rocks from home, which land on commonwealth, attracted by her gravitational force. The shoot stars that you cypher at night, ar actu totallyy burning meteoroids that happen upon on globe from bring extracurricular topographic point This is the eldest of more(prenominal) interesting facts that argon going to follow. wherefore do meteorites fall? For the a a a a interchangeable(p)(p) reason why anything falls on country Gravity. precise(prenominal) few dirty dog escape it shooting starites pass their arrive atset in out around space. They be relatively microscopical pieces of distri neverthe littlee and detritus, unremarkably left down in the wake of a get along witht. Meteorites, that ar colossal in size of it, ca-ca their origin in space, as angulates.They atomic number 18 left over pieces of out muster from formation of the solar transcription, which could not clump in concert to form a major major major planet l ike our priming coat. on that read/write head is a sonorous strike of much(prenominal) angulates outside the rotate of the planet impair, called the Asteroid thrill. Asteroids be huge in size and their lengths batch number to kilometers Once in a tour, rocknroll-broken pieces of rock or spit, come into value of grounds gravitative get by and fall on globe as barb stars. An angulate dislodged from its trajectory and falling on basis is too called a meteorite. However, an star-shaped lastence huge in size, runs a cataclysmic explosion on footing on strike.OriginMeteor and Meteorite facts be interchangeable terms and we shall discipline why they atomic number 18 so. When these rocks and pieces of frame atomic number 18 floating in space, they atomic number 18 called Meteoroids. When they make a blazing opening into landed estates aureole, they argon called Meteors. Finally, if they survive the burning entry into Earths atmospheric state and f all on Earth, they be called Meteorites. So a meteorite could originate from comet debris called shooting stars or pear-shapedr tendencyive lenss called angulars here atomic number 18 any(prenominal)what basic facts n unlike(a) meteorites, meteors and meteoroids. Comets leave tons of dust and debris in their trail as they fail along long range of a functions round the temperateness. When Earth, go revolving tumefy-nigh the Sun, passes by whatsoever(prenominal) patches of this comet debris, it drop offs the Earths standard pressure causing meteor rain squanders.Meteor squanders ar hebdomadal aftermaths. genius back see thousands of meteors or shooting stars, as they are called, during much(prenominal) a shower. The most popular meteor showers are Perseids (which peak most August 12) and Leonids (which peak sightly near 17 November). During these showers, you crowd out observe a shooting star at the rate of 1 meteor per minute on an average. A fal ling meteor can give-up the ghost at speed of as lots as 44 miles per second One of the facts is that they retain whatever of the erst composition(a)est rocks in the solar ashes among them. They could be elderly than the Earth and date from the stop when Sun was forming all day, mingy to 4 gazillion meteoroids fall on EarthMajority of them are precise diminutive and at that short letterfore do not in rankect much harm. If a meteorite is detect age falling and healed from the air of fall, its called a fall meteorite. If a meteorite is not discover while falling, moreover lay out from any location, its called a scrape up. Till cc6, t make believeher wee been roughly 1,050 witnessed falls while at that place are virtuallywhat 30,000 documented Finds. Falling meteors which are round in size, can create an animated electro magnetized pulse, which temporarily disrupt radio conversation in the region of fall With a in good order designed radio antenna, you ca n actually catch out meteorites falling as radio noise.Types and CompositionHere are both(prenominal) facts rough their guinea pigs and composition, that you should know about. regain meteorites are classified into leash main(prenominal) categories which are Chondrites (Make about 86% of all re make do meteorites), Achondrites (8%) and press meteorites (6 %). The name Chondrites comes from features called Chrondules, which are melted silicate stuff and nonsenses from their past. Chondrites are about 4.55 billion long clipping old and are the display cases of rocks from which our take planet create Certain chondrite meteorites fallen from outer space contain traces of amino acids and organic function, bolstering the scheme that life-time w profitethorn wee been place on Earth This is champion of the most astounding facts. Achronidtes are relatively younger meteorites of the igneous rock typewrite and are pieces of asteroids, the stagnate and ruin Iron meteorite s are undisturbed of iron-nickel alloys and silicate materials. They are as well thought to be pieces of asteroidsE genuinely(prenominal) iodin of these meteor facts are intriguing. Earth has been pounded by the impact of many meteorites, ranging from the precise footling to gigantic meteorites. The meteorites impact volcanic craters that are strand on earth are testimony to this. It is time for the drop dead of our facts. One gigantic meteorite impact occurred billions of long time ago on Earth which brought on the experimental extinction of dinosaurs One question that may come to your mind is, Where do meteorites fall?. They could fall anywhere on Earth. Meteors befuddle been order all over the innovation. The recent findings hit been mostly in Africa and accessible character references of Antarctica. If you could find 1, you are bound to be rich as private collectors and museums pay trillions of dollars for them The reason is that they are very rare and are make up of minerals, which are never put together on Earth So keep looking You may never know, when unity might pop out of the sky, making you rich. So its actually profitable to know any(prenominal) meteor facts. Originating in the outer space, an object r apiecees Earth and gets a place in the list of meteorites.There befuddle been many instances of extraterrestrial bodies impacting the Earths come along while some impart unless passed by the Earths atmosphere in the for the offshoot time place they were abateed. Meteorites have been arousing interest of the masses as there is an element of mystery that surrounds them. Where do they originate? What makes some of them lay the Earths atmosphere? How solemn can they get? Space research and astronomy have revealed some interesting information about some of these questions and researched thoroughly on the different types of meteorites. nigh of the meteorites disintegrate forward reaching Earth while some reach the plan ets surface. commodious meteorites form craters on Earth while the littler ones involve less danger. Meteorites containing miniature round particles are cognize as chondrites and form about 86% of those falling on Earth. Those correspondent in demeanor to trivial igneous rocks are called achondrites and be prevaricationved as creation the crustal material of asteroids.Meteorites originating from the core of asteroids are known as iron meteorites and form about 5% of the meteorites, which fall. score has recorded a number of instances of meteorites impacting the Earth. ALH 84001 It was found in the Allan Hills, Antarctica in December 1984. Meteorite hunters of the unite States work on ASMNET project sight this meteorite. When discovered, its mass was 1.93 kilograms and its rock was reportly one of the oldest forms. This meteorite was supposititious to have come from Mars. later(prenominal) it was believed to live of some traces of the life on Mars and this made ALH 84 001 to a greater extent famous than ever. Hoba This meteorite lies on the uprise Hoba West in Namibia and has never been locomote elsewhere be engender of its butionally great mass.With a mass of about 60 tons, it is the life-sizest meteorite known to mankind. It is tabloid in operate and composed of metal. It is believed to have landed on Earth about 80,000 years ago. In 1955, it was declared as a national monument and has since wherefore been attracting visitors from different part of the world. Tunguska Event The Tunguska explosion took place in June 1908 near Tunguska River, now a part of Russia. more or less probably, the air burst of a large meteorite caused this explosion. The strength emitted from this explosion was about 1000 times greater than that of the bomb b croak of Hiroshima. consort to the eyewitnesses of this explosion, the event started with a flash of glimmery blue sapless and a sanitary originating from east and moving northward. Later the sound w as accompanied by shock waves that broke windows miles out. This was one of the famous disintegrating meteorites that remain in the list of worlds most famous meteorites.Willamette Meteorite This is an iron-nickel meteorite that was discovered in the coupled States near Oregon. It is the largest of the meteorites found in the United Sates as also the sixth largest in the world. probably the meteorite had landed in the region, which is now known as Canada. This meteorite weighing about 15.5 tons is one of the very large meteorites of the world. Orgueil This meteorite dismiss in France in 1864 and is a relatively older meteorite. The fall of this meteorite consisted of small stones that covered a massive area.This is one of those eight meteorites that drop dead to the CL chondrite group. A striking feature of this type of meteorite it that its composition is similar to that of the Sun. This meteorite is one of the most researched ones. For purposes of lateer national of the co mposition of this meteorite, it was split into pieces. Currently, it exists in the form of pieces unplowed in different museums in atomic number 63 and the United States. These were some of the famous meteorites of the world. They have constantly been a subject of interest for researchers some the world.Meteor showersA meteor shower is a supernal event wherein it is detect that a group of meteors radiate from anyone point in the sky. This phenomenon is also known as Meteor Storm or Meteor Outburst. The meteors that are establish in the showers are actually cosmic debris that enter the Earth atmosphere at very laid-back speed and vaporizationize very quickly collectible(p) to friction leaving arsehole a streak of light which is known as the meteor shower. An identified meteor shower is usually an annual affair as the Earth get out encounter the uniform meteors at approximately the same time and same speed every year.CausesMeteor showers are a result of inter fulfill that t akes place amidst the planet Earth and a comet. Comets consist of glass and rocks ( a good deal termed dirty ice balls) that champaign around the sun like planets. Every time the comet gets shutting to the sun, some of the ice present in the comet melts which cites a large mensuration of debris. This debris moves past from the comet and renders a part of its pursue which is open part of the comet.The inviolable move of the tail are the meteoroids and they spread along the entire orbit of the comet which is termed as a meteoroid teem. As the Earth orbits around the sun, its path may cross the meteoroid stream and a meteor shower follows. When the meteoroid stream is particularly dense, then we get to witness the meteor storm and having witnessed one myself, I can guarantee that the sight is actually spectacular.People Behind the C at a timeptIt is believed that Irish astronomer George Johnstone Clooney collaborating with the British astronomer Arthur Matthew Weld Downi ng and Adolf Berberich belong to the Royal Astronomical Computation Institute in Berlin, Germany offered the very outgrowth idea of the meteoroid stream in the 1890. They were able to send as to how the meteoroids once freed from the comet would travel at low speeds when compared to the comet itself would start drifting after completing one orbit. This set was attributed to unsubdivided orbital wherein the materials drift laterally outside(a) from the comet as some particles make a bigr orbit when compared to some proterozoic(a) particles. The gravitational pull of the Earths atmosphere would decide where the dust trails would pass the Earths atmosphere. It is a fair possibility that some years, the dust particles can completely miss the Earths orbit.Major Meteor ShowersIf you want to watch meteor showers then the outdo time of the year is the night of January 3. The shower has been named Quadrantids and this particular shower can produce over a reason out to 140 meteor s per hr. The seminal fluid of this shower is not a comet but a minor planet, 2003 EH1 which suffered a ruinous breakup in 1490. However, the showers are very faint and the peak hours last only for a few hours. Hence, you lead have to be in a good morsel and at an ideal point to watch the shower in all its glory and the crush place to watch this particular shower is from the Northern Hemisphere. moreover people in sulfurern Hemisphere subscribe to not be disappointed.As a bet of fact, they get to witness a meteor shower termed Eta Aquarids which consists of debris from the famous Halleys Comet. This shower peaks on the night of May 5 and the rate of meteors is about 30 per hour. The meteor shower Geminids is considered to be the best annual shower. It peaks around the night of December 13 and the rate of meteor is around 70 per hour. The root of this shower is also a minor planet, 3200 Phaethon. It is best visible from the Northern Hemisphere and it is believed that paya ble to the complete cold conditions, the air tends to be more innocent and this is the reason as to why this particular shower is spectacular.Sporadic Meteor ShowersWhen the meteoroids collide with each otherwise and can bring forth a part of the noncontinuous meteors background. They form isolated meteors and are not a part of any shower.AsteroidsAsteroids are considered to be remnants of an primeval broken planet of the solar dodging. Asteroids have no fixed shape and are too small to be spherical in shape. They are ellipsoids ( cardinal dimensional figure), dumbbell or irregularly shaped. As they have different shapes, they also vary in their size. The first asteroid wrap, discovered in January clxxx1 by Italian astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi, is the largest known asteroid and is 940 km in diameter. any(prenominal) of the smallest asteroids are full 6 meters in diameter. The mass of all the asteroids added together, is believed to lesser than the mass of the Moon. only if 200,000 asteroids have been discovered so off the beaten track(predicate), but billion more undiscovered asteroids s public treasury exit in our solar system.Asteroid Belt nigh asteroids lie in the asteroid sing amid Mars and Jupiter, however there are more belts in the solar system, namely the ones beyond Neptunes orbit. The belt itself has interesting origination theories. about astronomers believe that the belt is a broken planet, while some order that the belt is primordial material that never change integrity into a planet because of Jupiters gravitational pull. The asteroid belt lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter and contains more than 200 asteroids big than 100 km in diameter, and more than 750,000 asteroids with diameters larger than 1 km.Most asteroids are found in this belt because of the gravitational interaction between the solar system and the airy bodies in it. As opposed to the fiction made popular by various depictions of the asteroid belt, it is no t at all dense. The region is so considerable that asteroids are hundreds of thousands of kilometers away from their close neighbor. The asteroids are so small and far away from each other that they pop out as faint stars, and except for Ceres, are not bright enough to be seen without some telescopic aid. all told the asteroid Vesta, on rare occasions of an exceedingly clear dark sky can become visible to the naked eye.What are Asteroids Composed Of?Asteroids are made of different minerals and substances. This depends on the planet they broke away from in a contact, as well as the chemical reactions they might have experient while orbiting in the solar system. The asteroids surrounding(prenominal) to the Sun are mostly deoxycytidine monophosphateiferous and the ones further away are composed of silicate rock. The metallic asteroids are made of 70-80% iron and the remaining is nickel with many other metals such as iridium mixed in. Some are also made of half silicate and half metallic. The asteroid Ceres is composed of a stony core covered by an icy mantle, whereas Vesta has a nickel-iron core, basaltic crust and a covering of atomic number 12 iron silicate (olivine mantle). Asteroids composition has been classified as the future(a) C class asteroids They are found in the Earths outer belt and are darker and more carbonaceous than the ones found in the S class. D class asteroids They are also known as Trojan asteroids of Jupiter and are dark and carbonaceous in composition. S class asteroidsThey are found in the Earths inner belt, proximate to Mars and are composed of mostly stone and iron. V class asteroids They are a nappy group of asteroids that follow a path between the orbits of Jupiter and Uranus, and are made of igneous, eruptive materials. A near-Earth asteroid collided with the Earth about 65 one million million years ago, which triggered environmental changes, leading to the extinction of the dinosaurs. This asteroid created a huge ci rcular depression called the Chicxulub Basin and is bear on in Mexicos Yucatan Peninsula, a major holidaymaker attraction. Though the chances of asteroid collision with the Earth is very rare, they do come very close to our planet due to collisions and gravitational tugs on the extremely pissmelon-shaped Suns orbit. Most asteroids burn up in the atmosphere and never reach the Earth. NASA projects, such as the Lincoln skilful-Earth Asteroid enquiry (LINEAR) and the Near Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT) main objectives are to detect and intercept asteroids or other ethe original bodies coming close to the Earth earlier they cause untold damage to our planet.Asteroids are small celestial bodies composed of rock and metal, that revolve around the Sun. Their size can vary some asteroids are large and roughly spherical in shape, due to which they appear like miniature planets while the others are small and irregularly shaped. The matter of these celestial bodies also differs. The as teroid Vesta, is believed to have a nickel-iron core, olivine mantle and basaltic crust, while the asteroid 10 Hygiea is composed of carbonaceous chondrite. Most of the small asteroids are piles of rubble held together by gravity. Some asteroids supposedly have traces of amino-acids and other organic compounds, and it is take for granted that the impact of asteroids on the Earth could have seatd life on the planet by seeding it with the necessary chemical substances. Although, it is believed that the asteroids may have planted life on the Earth, they are capable of having catastrophic effect on the planet as well.Asteroids with a diameter of 5 to 10 meters, and energy rival to 15 kilotons of TNT, enter into the Earths atmosphere approximately once every year while, those with a diameter of over 50 meters enter the Earths atmosphere approximately once in a thousand years. Their impact can be devastating if they hit the Earth, but they disintegrate in the upper atmosphere and most of the particles are vaporized, therefrom rendering them harmless. In the distant past, our planet has experience a massive climate change and large-scale extinction of animal and plant species, ascribed to the impact of some large asteroids on the planet. The exogenesis possibleness suggests that origin of life on the Earth must have been triggered by the impact of some asteroid, carrying organic chemicals needed to initiate life form. The Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event, which led to the end of dinosaurs and the Permian-Triassic extinction event that led to the end of the Permian flow complete off 90% of the species on the planet, are believed to be the result of an asteroid impact on the Earth.The craters on the solid bodies in the solar system, which were attributed to volcanic activities till 1960s, were actually formed due to the impact of celestial bodies. Researchers have determined that in the last 600 million years, 60 objects with a diameter of five km or more, have struck the Earth. Even the smallest of these object possessed energy of ten million megatons of TNT, and would have formed a crater, approximately 95 km in diameter, on the surface of our planet. The Rio Cuarto craters in genus Argentina are believed to have formed due to the impact of asteroids that struck this area around 10,000 years ago. In 1490, ten thousand people reportedly disjointed their lives due to a hail of stones from the sky. This hail of stones is assumed to be result of the disintegration of a large asteroid, after it entered the Earths atmosphere. In 1908, a mid-air explosion of an asteroid destroyed 80 million trees, deep down an area of 830 miles, near the Podkamennaya Tunguska River, in Siberia.In many cases, the sighting of a foreign frame, such as an asteroid or a meteoroids is reported as a fireball in the sky. Millions of asteroids go out pass by the Earth in the years to come. Though, they are outlander now, they are detectable as they come closer to the planet. The Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) and the Near Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT) are projects initiated by NASA to detect asteroids or other such foreign bodies coming close to the Earth.The need of the hour is to develop an intercept system in space, to destroy or deflect foreign objects heading towards our planet, before they prove catastrophic. Asteroids are celestial bodies consisting of rocks and metals. They are principally concentrated in the region known as the asteroid belt which lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Asteroids can be as big as Ceres, which is close to 1000 kilometers in diameter, or can be just a few feet in diameter. some(prenominal) the size, asteroids are neither big enough to be called planets nor are they as small as comets. They are classified as minor planets that include the Kuiper Belt Objects.DiscoveryOn January 1, 1801, Giuseppe Piazzi discovered the first asteroid which he initially thought to be a comet. He named this asteroid Ceres, after the Sicilian Goddess of grain. Ceres is also the largest asteroid to have been discovered so far. Soon, other large asteroids like Pallas, Juno and Vista were discovered. By the end of the 19th century, several hundred asteroids were discovered. governing body of AsteroidsIt was once believed that asteroids were formed by the explosion of a planet orbiting between Mars and Jupiter. However, according to present day astronomers, asteroids are debris left behind by the Big Bang that could not come together to form a tenth planet because of the effect of Jupiters gravitational pull.Asteroid HitsAsteroids have been hitting the Earth since millions of years. However, due to the friction with Earths atmosphere most of the asteroids get burnt. The asteroids that enter the Earth s atmosphere are called meteors while the ones that get burnt and appear as shooting stars are called meteorites. According to the Giant Impact Theory, the Moon was created when The ia, an asteroid of the size of Mars, collided with the Earth in the early days of the solar system. However, some consider Theia to be more of a planetoid than an asteroid. The largest crater caused by an asteroid hit is the Chicxulub Crater in Mexico that is 180 km in diameter. The asteroid that formed the crater had a diameter of 10 km. This collision is supposed to be accountable for the extinction of a large number of flora and fauna including the dinosaur. However, the evidence of the largest asteroid hit is in the Vredefort crater in South Africa that is 300 km in diameter.Impacts of Asteroid HitsThe damage that an asteroids impact can cause depends mainly upon its mass and velocity, as these are the two factors that determine the energy that is released when an asteroid hits the Earth. magical spell some asteroids are capable of sending thermal waves that can incinerate most flora and fauna within a few hundred kilometers, some larger asteroids can create huge impacts causi ng magma to cover areas as big as continents. The worst effect of an asteroid hit is the blocking out of sunniness for months together due to formation of dust corrupts and lampblack in the upper atmosphere. This would hamper the discolor plants might to prepare intellectual nourishment through the process of photosynthesis and the food chain would be disrupted.Near-Earth AsteroidsNear-Earth asteroids are those that have moved closer to the Earths orbit as they have been knocked out of the asteroid belt due to collision with other asteroids or comets, or due to the gravitational forces of Jupiter. They are classified into the following three groups The Amors These are near-Earth asteroids that cross the orbit of Mars but do not go out of the Earths orbit. The Apollos The orbits of these near-Earth asteroids cross the Earths orbit but have an orbital period of greater than one year.The Atens These near-Earth asteroids have orbits that cross the Earths orbit but have an orbital period of less than one year. Asteroids are currently beingness monitored for their probability of colliding with the Earth. such(prenominal) studies have predicted that asteroids may hit the Earth on February 1, 2019 and March 16, 2880. The probability of the 2880 collision is as high as 1 in 300. A number of projects in the field of astronomy, like Spacewatch, Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking and Catalina Sky Survey are being carried out to detect any panic of such catastrophes.CometsA comet is a small body in space. It was matter of great interest to astronomers like Sir Edmond Halley. Many decades later, comets still remain a challenge mystery for the field of astronomy. Space research institutes around the world have reported the existence of 3628 comets that are known and examine. Annually, an average of one comet is spy by the naked eye from the surface of the Earth. According to the definitions attached by the various space research organizations, a comet can be defined as a space body that travels in an ovate orbit around the sun. Most of the comets travel in elliptical orbits. When the comet comes in the vicinity of the star it is orbiting around, its comma-like tail gets lighten. A majority of comets are visible only through telescopes and other aids. There are however, some comets which are also visible to the naked eye.What is a Comet make Up of?A comet is principally made up of ice, dust and different forms of gases. The nature of the components differs from comet to comet. The central part of a comet that looks like a ball is termed as the nucleus. The nucleus is principally made up of ice and frozen gases. The frozen components also include many other compounds like ammonia, methane and carbon dioxide. Rocks are other component of the nucleus. Due to such composition, the nucleus of the comet often resembles a huge ball of dirt and snow. It is also believed by some astronomers, that the nucleus of a comet is quite a fragile because several comets have split into part without any explainable reason except large velocity.The huge elliptical orbit takes the comet in the range of heat of the star around which it is orbiting. When the comet enters the inner parts of the solar system, the frozen content of the nucleus starts melting. The gases and water within the nucleus vaporize as a result of radiation from the star and the solar wind. The massive velocity of the comet and the solar wind, push the vaporized matter away from the nucleus. This gives the comet its distinct tail and the comma-like appearance. The high amount of heat and the ions (charged particles that are formed due to the heat of the sun) cause the tail of the comet to glow.How are Comets make?According to their formation or birth, the comets can be classified into two types. The first type is short comets which originate in the Kuiper belt as space bodies beyond the orbit of Pluto. The gravitational pull of the planets in the solar system, causes th e origin of short term comets. These comets enter the solar system and take the form of alive(p) and glowing comets. Long term comets originate as traveling bodies in the Oort cloud (located around 50,000 light years away from the sun). The gravitational attraction of the planets in the solar system and other gravitational forces cause these comets to form elliptical orbits.Death of a CometThe account of comets has revealed that they have a fragile structure. Sometimes, comets split into parts due to sheer velocity. The entry and exit of comets in the solar system in course of its orbit, reduces the amount of matter (ice and frozen gases) in it. Due to this simplification in matter, the comets break-up and disperse into clouds. A dead comet is slide fastener but an asteroid or a similar form of a space body. Sometimes the comets also crash in other planets when their orbits cross each other. The most famous example of such a comet is the Shoemaker Levy 9, that crashed into Jupit er. For astronomers who have spent their lives take in comets, it a very heart-breaking moment to gaze at a dying comet. The Halleys Comet is said to be one of the most beautiful comets.Another very beautiful comet is the Hale-Bopp, that was discovered in the year 1995, on 23rd July. It was predicted by astronomers that the Halleys Comet would be sighted in the November of 1835. Mark couplet, the famous writer, was born just two weeks after the sighting. He developed a very special liking towards the Halleys Comet. In his biography he comments,I came in with the Halleys Comet, and expect to go with it. The Almighty has said no doubt, Now here are two inexplicable freaks they came in together they must go out together. Halleys Comet was side by side(p) sighted on twentieth April, 1910. Twain ended the journey of his life the very next day. The journey of any comet is indeed like that of Mark Twain. It is remarkably long, fast, adventurous as it streaks crosswise the dark sky.Hale ys cometHistorical SpottingsBritish scientist, Edmond Halley who observed the comet in 1682, was the first person to establish its episodic reappearance after every 75-76 years. He studied the comet and quite accurately predicted that it had earlier appeared in 1531 and in 1607. It was named Halley in his honor and was observed again in 1758 as stated by him. It was last seen in February 1986. However, this was not the first time the comet was in focus. The first sighting recorded, was way back in 240 BC, by the Chinese and was mentioned in a chronicle, Records of the Great historiographer. The comet also finds a mention in a Babylonian clay inscription of 164 BC. It has always been a subject of great interest, since it was believed to have an influence on the contemporary events. Armenian king Tigranes II, had its image printed on the coins issued in his regime after it was sighted in 87 BC. Therefore, even though the recurrence of the comet was an unknown fact, people were fasci nated by its appearance.The bright star that appeared in the night sky in 12 BC, coinciding with the birth of Jesus, is widely believed to be the Halleys comet. Giotto Di Bondone, the famous Italian painter, who lived before the renaissance era, mixed it in his work The Star of Bethlehem in the Nativity, in 1305. He had seen the comet appear in 1301 and was impressed by the spectacle. In the middle ages, the appearance of a comet was considered to be a warning sign of a extraverted danger.The most famous incident of spotting a comet during this period, was in 1066, before the Battle of Hastings. King Harold who had scattered the employment, was believed to have seen the comet due to which he was cursed. In fact, the Bayeux tapis in Normandy, France, signifies the Norman victory in this battle with an image of King Harold looking at the comet in the sky. In 1456, Pope Calixtus III had condemned its appearance considering it to be an evil omen. Three years antecedent to this, Eur ope was defeated by the Ottoman Empire. Human beings have always blamed celestial phenomena, whenever they have not been able to explain the causes of certain un affirmatory events.Historically, the heraldic bearing of a comet in the night sky was usually cited as the reason behind difficult situations that were beyond the reasoning of common man. A French physician, Ambroise, had exposit the pitiful conditions of middle ages, when a comet was seen just before the spread of a big epidemic. According to him, some people were scared to death while others fell sick on seeing the comet. It was believed to be some evil form leaving behind a trail of blood, believed to be a sign of misery. new SpottingsIn the 16th and the 17th century, scientists learned to calculate the speed and outstrip at which comets travel around the Sun. Once, Edmond Halley had established the year of its reappearance, Halleys comet became a matter of great interest. Although, he didnt live to see his predictio n coming true, his observation had a evidentiary impact on the way society comprehend comets. The sighting of a comet, especially Halleys comet became less of a concern and more of a peculiarity among people. Once people realized that comets are orbiting bodies just like planets, they became less apprehensive on the reaching of a comet in the Earths visibleness zone. The change in the attitude of the people was seen in the depiction of the comet in the contemporary pictures. Halleys comet was a subject of scientific study and was depicted as a beautiful heavenly body in the sky. Famous American writer Mark Twain was born in 1835, the year when Halleys comet had appeared.He predicted in 1909 that since he had come with the comet he will go out with it. Sure enough, he passed away a year after the comet reappeared in 1910. In the 1900s, it had appeared twice once in 1910 and then in 1986. Further studies gave us a deep discernment into the structure, composition and orbital journ ey of many different comets. Halleys comet has one of the shortest orbital paths. It is classified as a short period comet, i.e. comets having an orbit period of 200 years or less.Once upon a time, it belonged to the long period class, but due to the gravitational force of planets, its orbit shortened over a period of time. Today, it is known that comets like Hale Bopp which appeared in 1997, will reappear after 4200 years Thus, Halleys comet is the most frequently spotted one. Recently, it was seen in February 1986. During this visit, it was subjected to its biggest test ever. Five ballistic capsules from The European Space Agency, Japan and the USSR were launched to study its surface. Structure and Composition of Halleys CometHalleys comet is a big mass of ice and dust, having an elliptical orbit and shaped like a peanut. It has a super elongated orbit, taking it very close to the Sun. It flings off far in the outer solar system, similar to a slingshot motion. The composition is mainly of water, atomic number 11 monoxide, methane, ammonia, hydrocarbons, iron and sodium. Its closest blank space from the Sun was found to be just 0.6 AU ( galactic unit) and the farthest distance was calculated to be 35 AU, roughly the same distance as that of Pluto. It orbits the Sun in a retrograde or in the direction opponent to that of the planets revolution. The speed with respect to the Earth is quite high, since it is exceedingly eccentric and inclined.The day time is relatively more on its surface and its maximum temperature rises up to 77 degrees celsius. Due to its large size and a absolved and regular orbit, it was easy for the probe missions photograph it well and study its surface. The mass of the comet is 1.71015 kilograms and the size of the nucleus has been estimated to be 15 km 7 km 7 km. Winds blowing near its surface are so well-set that 1 gram particle of dust which hit the Giotto space probe, briefly destabilized it. Halleys comet will next appear in 2062. Comets have always been a fascination for human beings and will continue to charm generations to come, as we discover more interesting facts about these spectacular fireballs, the comets.Comet lullinComet Lulin was discovered on July 11, 2007, by the duette of Ye Quanzhi and Lin Chi-Sheng. A non-periodic comet, Lulin appears to be greenish in color. This green color is attributed to the presence of gases such as cyanogen and diatomic carbon, which produce a green glow when illuminated by sunlight in the nihility of the space. formally designated as C/2007 N3 (Lulin), it is also known as the Comet of Cooperation in China and Taiwan, as the two individuals refer in its uncovering, were from these two countries. This comet was first photographed by Taiwanese astronomer Lin Chi-Sheng on July 11, 2007, while he was working on the Lulin Sky Survey abide (LUSS) at the Lulin observatory in Nantou, Taiwan. The Lulin Sky Survey Project aims to identify the numerous small obje cts in the solar system, particularly those that pose possible hazards to our planet. Lin used a 16-inch telescope to photograph this comet, which was initially assumed to be an asteroid.A few days later, Ye Quanzhi, a 19-year old student of meteorology from Sun Yat-Sen University, China, recognized this comet while going through Lins photographs. Its status of being a comet was confirmed after the presence of coma, the turbid windbag around the nucleus of the comet, was noticed. Both, Lin and Quanzhi were accredited with the discovery of this new comet. As it was first noticed from the Lulin Observatory, it was named as Comet Lulin. Comet Lulin was seen in the Libra constellation from January to March 2009. In January, it was getting brighter and could be seen just before pass over while in February, the brightness reached its peak. Eventually, in March, it started to draw as it went farther away from the Earth. While it was near the Earth, it had a typical tail pointing away from the Sun, as well as an anti-tail which was directly pointing towards the sun. Although, it was assumed that this anti-tail was observed only in photographs, some observers reported that it was visible even from a telescope in February 2009.According to Brian Marsden, an astronomer at Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Massachusetts, this comets closest shape up to the sun was on January 10, 2009 when it reached a distance of 113 million miles from the sun. He noticed that the comet was moving in a retrograde orbit that is near-parabolic. On February 24, Comet Lulin came the closest to the Earth, at a distance of 0.41 AU or 38 million miles to be precise. On February 4, 2009, a team of Italian astronomers, under the leadership of Ernesto Guido, witnessed a strange phenomenon taking place in comet Lulin. While photographing the comet with a remotely controlled telescope in sassy Mexico, they saw that its tail suddenly disconnected. Ernesto attributed this odd phenomenon to magnetic disturbance of the solar wind hitting the comet. Earlier, this had been observed with Comet Encke too, when coronal mass ejection occurred, due to such magnetic storms.Photographs taken by NASAs quick Gamma-ray Explorer satellite in ultra-violet and X-rays show that Lulin is cast 800 gallons of water every second. Observations by NASA also revealed that the surface material of the comet was burning away due to suns heat. This sighting of Comet Lulin was a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for the whole world, as there is no possibility of this comet go to the inner solar system, at least not for the next thousand years. Human kind has always looked to the heavens in awe and wonder, and sometimes in fear. Perhaps no other astronomical phenomenon except a total solar eclipse has historically evoked as much fear as comets. When the specter of fear is removed, however, they emerge as strikingly beautiful objects in the sky. It was once believed that if earth passed through a ta il of a comet, its inhabitants would die this theory has been discredited. Comets are messengers from a time long past.Most are chunks of dirty ice, locked away in the Oort cloud for billions of years. (Oort cloud It is the source for long period comets, with orbital periods of greater than two hundred years.) Comets are well-known(prenominal) to nearly everyone as striking star like objects with long tails stretching across a wide band of the sky. The most famous comet, Halleys comet makes its drive home to the skies every seventy-five years. The word comet is derived from a Greek word meaning long haired Comets were greatly feared before the twentieth century as deleterious omens. Since then, they have been identified and cataloged as objects that come from deep space. Most of them occupy orbits that carry them far outside the solar system. Many of them make only a single approach to the sun and never return again, while others exist in stable, but highly elliptical orbits tha t allow them to return after an lengthened period of time, such as the Halleys comet. In 1986, the European space probe Giotto passed about 600 kilometers from the Comet Halley as it made its close approach to the sun.The probe verify existing theories that comets are made up of ices covered by black dust or soil. The ballistic capsule confirmed a theory that had been advanced prior to the reconnaissance that described comets as dirty snowballs. victimisation data taken by the spacecraft, scientists determined that the dust is composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Other metals have also been discovered in comets, such as iron, calcium, nickel, potassium, copper and silicon. Halleys comet was one of the darkest objects ever seen in the solar system it was basically flat black. Comets are composed of a medley of ices and dust. As a comet approaches the sun, it absorbs the suns energy and warms up. The main body of the comet is called the nucleus. As the nucleus warms, the ice downstairs the comets soil melts. Because the comet has no atmosphere, the evaporated substance (also called a inconstant) escapes into the vacuum of space as a gaseous envelope that surrounds the comet called coma. As the coma grows, it forms a plume of vapor that carries away some of the comets surface as well.This mixture of evaporated volatile particles and dust is carried away from the comet by solar wind, is ionized by high-energy particles, and creates the spectacular tail of the comet. The comets tail, glowing in the solar wind, can stream behind the comet for millions of kilometers. The nucleus of the comet consists of mostly volatile ices and dust. The ice is nearly all water ice, but there is also evidence of ices composed of carbon dioxide and methane. More elementary compounds of nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon monoxide may exist as volatile ices. Comets are typically small bodies (comparatively). Halleys comet is a potato shaped object, 14 by 17 kilometers. The largest known comet is Chiron, which is estimated to be approximately 200 kilometers in diameter.Comets are thought to have formed as the solar system evolved. The material of which comets are composed was constructed by accretion at the outer edge of the disk of material that ultimately became the sun and planets. Because the comet material was fashioned at the outer edge of the solar system, the sun did not evaporate the volatiles in the cometary material. At the same time, the devil planets of the solar system formed at what would become the outer orbits of the solar system. These massive planets encountered the newly formed comets, and the ones that were not engulfed by the giant planets were, over the first billion years, catapulted into interstellar space by the planets massive gravitational fields. Not all comets met that fate, however. Some were quietly nudged into stable orbits closer to the sun. Others were flung into the inner solar system and impacted the inner planet s.Relevance The study of comets involves expatiate knowledge of its composition of the outer regions of the solar system and the space between the last planet and 100,000 astronomical units onwards. Cometary study also seeks to understand heterogeneous gravitational interactions between bodies separated by wide distances and even gravitational interactions between tiny comets, their behavior when approaching the sun, and something of the makeup and evolution of the early solar system. New comets approaching the sun for the first time have been held in deep freeze in the Oort cloud and are thought to be composed of primordial material of the newly forming solar system. They have been tied up in the Oort cloud for billions of years at temperatures slightly above absolute zero. As they approach the sun, their internal gases begin to steam away. A detailed study of an approaching comet may tell cosmologists about the composition of the early solar systems.Comets and their approach hav e also hinted at the existence of the tough brown shadow, thought to be one of the most common bodies of interstellar space. Because they are so dim, they are all but invisible from Earth. On the other hand, because brown dwarfs are thought to be so plentiful, the study of comets and their orbits may give the first real clues to the formers reality and abundance. In the early 1980s the existence of the galactic tidal action was merely speculation. Since then, careful study of cometary orbits and approaches has favorable supported the theory of galactic tides. In the close approach of Halleys comet by an unmanned spacecraft in 1986, a wealth of information was vulcanized on the shape, behavior, and composition of comets.The existence of the Oort cloud and the theory gravitational interactions by passing objects in space have led to the theory of periodic comet showers. Such comet showers, separated by periods of tens of millions of years, may be responsible for the mass extinction on Earth. There is a wide speculation that Earth was struck by one or more comets 70 million years ago, which wiped out the dinosaurs. Some scientists have speculated that this extinction was the result of a shower of comets from the Oort cloud, sent on their close approach to the sun by a passing star or brown dwarf through the Oort cloud.Comets have been used to judge vast distances, evaluate the composition of the solar system as it was being born, and even test the idea that the gravity of the entire galaxy can make a difference to the smallest objects in space. Comets have been used as yardsticks to evaluate what may be the most type of star in the galaxy-the brown dwarf-which ironically is one that may never be seen. They have also been called dirty snowballs. Halleys comet was so black that it was the darkest object ever seen in space. Yet, from these dirty specks of ice, cosmologists have witnessed some of the most spectacular light shows. Ultimately comets may also generat e clues to some of the most essential secrets about the solar system and planets. From these tiny messengers, cosmologists may unlock and examine pristine elements from creation itself.